K-carrageenan/PVA/nano-eggshell biocomposite-based non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for low-level urea detection
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T.C. BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS
K‑carrageenan/PVA/nano‑eggshell biocomposite‑based non‑enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for low‑level urea detection Nevin Taşaltın1,2 · Enes Aydın1,3 · Selcan Karakuş4 · Ayben Kilislioğlu4 Received: 11 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract As a comprehensive survey on both health and biosensor technologies, in this study, a non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor based on kappa-carrageenan/PVA/nano-eggshell (K-carrageenan/PVA/nano-eggshell) biocomposite was prepared to detect low-level urea in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS). Novel K-carrageenan/PVA/nano-eggshell biocomposite was prepared by ultrasonics sonochemistry. The electrochemical biosensor showed a sensitivity of 0.018 μA μM−1 cm−2 in a linear range of [250–1000] μM urea. Urea detection limit of the biosensor was 60 μM at room temperature. Keywords Biosensor · Bioelectronics · Biocomposite · Nanomaterial · Eggshell · Urea
1 Introduction Urea is a waste substance produced by protein metabolism processes in the body and excreted in the urine. It is an important parameter to test kidney and liver function. The normal urea concentration level in body fluids such as urine and blood serum is between 2.7 and 7.5 mM [1]. While high levels of urea in the body fluid indicate some diseases such as urinary tract obstruction, kidney failure, and gastrointestinal blood loss, low levels of urea may indicate some diseases such as nephritic disorder, hepatic malfunction, and cachexia [2]. There are many techniques for detecting urea such as chromatography [3], near-infrared Raman spectroscopy [4], flow injection analysis [5], and nuclear magnetic resonance [6]. Although these methods are highly sensitive, they require high-cost laboratory infrastructure. Therefore, researchers have focused on researches to develop a fast, simple, low-cost, and portable biosensor for the sensitive
* Nevin Taşaltın [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical‑Electronics Engineering, Maltepe University, 34857 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Renewable Energy Technology, Maltepe University, 34857 Istanbul, Turkey
3
ABB Electronics, 34775 Istanbul, Turkey
4
Department of Chemistry, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
detection of urea [7–10]. Development of sensitive, lowcost, and portable biosensors to detect urea in PBS with enzymes. Enzymatic biosensors have some disadvantages as most of the cost of enzymes is high, biosensor test conditions are very critical, and immobilization procedure is complicated [8–19]. Nanomaterials are suitable for biosensor applications due to their high surface area and effective advanced functional groups. Nanomaterials with different morphologies help to adapt their application-specific detection properties. Therefore, researchers focus on effective detection platforms (sensitivity and selectivity) for the detection of aqueous reactive dyes based on different detection principles with biosensors
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