Malaria biosensors with ultra-sensitivity and quality factor based on cavity photonic crystal designs
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Malaria biosensors with ultra-sensitivity and quality factor based on cavity photonic crystal designs Nazmi A. Mohammed1,a S. EL-Rabaie4
, Mahmoud M. Hamed1,2,3 , Ashraf A. M. Khalaf3 ,
1 Photonic Research Lab, College of Engineering, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia 2 Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, Cairo 44635,
Egypt
3 Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, P.O. Box 61111, El Minya, Egypt 4 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia
University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt Received: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract According to the World Health Organization, Malaria is still a dangerous disease. Efforts to discover and cure it are widely required. In this work, 2D photonic crystal (PhC) biomedical sensors based on the index of refraction are designed, simulated, and evaluated. The target is to propose two designs to detect effective stages of Malaria. The first design can be fabricated based on today’s technology, and it has remarkable sensitivity with reasonable quality factors and compactness with size 11.4 × 9.2 µm2 . The second one requires advanced fabrication techniques, but it has ultra-quality factors with reasonable sensitivity and compactness with size 9.4 × 5.5 µm2 . The operating wavelength for both structures is 1.55 µm. These performance indicators exceed corresponding levels in all literature discusses Malaria detectors. A comparison between the presented work and others based on several technologies is carried to prove the validity and effectiveness of the proposed designs.
1 Introduction Nowadays, the Photonic crystal (PhC)-based structures are some of the most important structures for optical signal processing (OSP) [1]. OSP applications based on PhC have several advantages as small area occupation, lower power consumption, and higher bit rate. This is accomplished compared with famous optoelectronic/photonic devices or platforms as silicon waveguides, semiconductor optical amplifiers [2], Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [3, 4], fiber Bragg grating (FBG) [5–7], quantum dots structures, free-space optical communication (FSO) [8], and visible light communications (VLC) [9–12]. Famous examples of PhC are ultra-fast all optical logic or switching [13, 14], directional coupler [15], filters [16], optical modulators used in optical networks [17, 18], oscillators [19], and sensors [20]. Utilizing PhC in sensing applications attracts huge attention in the last few years. Together with the aforementioned merits, PhC enhancement the sensor processing leading to obtaining
a e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author)
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high levels of sensitivity and quality factor. This finally results in precise detection limits due to their well-defined physical properties such as reflectance/
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