Maternal and cord blood vitamin D level and the infant gut microbiota in a birth cohort study
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(2020) 6:5
Maternal Health, Neonatology, and Perinatology
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Maternal and cord blood vitamin D level and the infant gut microbiota in a birth cohort study Zeinab Kassem1, Alexandra Sitarik1, Albert M. Levin1, Susan V. Lynch2, Suzanne Havstad1, Kei Fujimura2, Anita Kozyrskyj3, Dennis R. Ownby4, Christine Cole Johnson1,5, Germaine J. M. Yong2, Ganesa Wegienka1,5 and Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow1,5*
Abstract Background: Mounting evidence suggests both vitamin D and the early life gut microbiome influence childhood health outcomes. However, little is known about how these two important exposures are related. We aimed to examine associations between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels during pregnancy or at delivery (cord blood) and infant gut microbiota. Methods: Maternal and cord blood 25[OH]D levels were assessed in a sample of pregnant women. Compositional analyses adjusted for race were run on the gut microbiota of their offspring at 1 and 6 months of age. Results: Mean prenatal 25(OH)D level was 25.04 ± 11.62 ng/mL and mean cord blood 25(OH)D level was 10.88 ± 6.77 ng/mL. Increasing prenatal 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with decreased richness (p = 0.028) and diversity (p = 0.012) of the gut microbiota at 1 month of age. Both prenatal and cord 25(OH)D were significantly associated with 1 month microbiota composition. A total of 6 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were significantly associated with prenatal 25(OH)D level (four positively and two negatively) while 11 OTUs were significantly associated with cord 25(OH)D (10 positively and one negatively). Of these, OTU 93 (Acinetobacter) and OTU 210 (Corynebacterium), were consistently positively associated with maternal and cord 25(OH)D; OTU 64 (Ruminococcus gnavus) was positively associated with prenatal 25(OH)D but negatively associated with cord 25(OH)D. Conclusions: Prenatal maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D levels are associated with the early life gut microbiota. Future studies are needed to understand how vitamin D and the microbiome may interact to influence child health. Keywords: Vitamin D, Gut microbiota, Birth cohort, Cord blood
Background Vitamin D is necessary for optimal maternal and fetal health during pregnancy [1], however, vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy is common during this time [2]. In addition to potential bone problems in offspring, maternal * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, 5C, Detroit, MI 48202, USA 5 Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
vitamin D level may impact child health outcomes, including risk for allergy/asthma and obesity [3–5]. Growing evidence suggests these child health outcomes may also be associated with the gut microbiome [6]. Vitamin D level may impact the structure and function of the gut microbiome. In vitamin D receptor knockout mice, there are significant communi
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