Microplastics in Aquaculture Systems and Their Transfer in the Food Chain
As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. However, our knowledge concerning microplastic pollution in aquaculture systems is limited. Aquaculture systems are designed specifically to rear aquatic animals that serv
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Contents 1 Sources of Microplastics in Aquaculture Systems 2 Distribution Characteristics of MPs and Their Relationship with Aquatic Organisms 2.1 MP Distribution and Composition 2.2 Effects of Bioturbation on Microplastics 2.3 Degradation of Microplastics 3 Response of Aquatic Organisms to Microplastics 3.1 Behavioral Responses 3.2 Morphological Responses 3.3 Physiological Response 4 Transfer of Microplastics in Food Chain of Aquaculture Systems 4.1 Microplastic Distribution in Different Trophic Levels 4.2 Biomagnification of Microplastics Through the Trophic Cascade 4.3 Microplastic Exposure in Human Food Through Aquatic Product Consumption 5 Conclusions References
Abstract As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. However, our knowledge concerning microplastic pollution in aquaculture systems is limited. Aquaculture systems are designed specifically to rear aquatic animals that serve as a food source for humans. Aquaculture accounts for almost half of the fish used for human consumption worldwide. Therefore, we need to pay more attention to ecological and food safety issues caused by MP pollution in the aquaculture environment. In this chapter, we discuss the sources and distribution characteristics of MPs in aquaculture systems and explore the relationship between
W. Lyu, Q. Chen, and W. Zhou (*) Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] L. Cheng Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China Defu He and Yongming Luo (eds.), Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments - Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_455, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
W. Lyu et al.
MPs and aquatic organisms. Moreover, we summarize the behavioral, morphological, and physiological responses of aquatic animals to MPs. Ultimately, we analyze the migration and potential biomagnification of MPs among trophic levels in the food chain. Based on above analysis, MP pollution needs to be effectively alleviated by developing degradable plastics and reducing the entrance of MPs into aquaculture systems. Keywords Aquaculture, Distribution, Food chain/web, Microplastic, Stress response
1 Sources of Microplastics in Aquaculture Systems In aquaculture systems, microplastics (MPs) are usually derived from damaging and aging of commercial fishing gear, including net cages, plastic lines, and trammel nets. In addition, MPs can also appear because of indirect transfer by surface runoff, rivers, wind, and rainfall. Plastic gears, such as fishnets, buoyant materials, and net cages, are necessary tools in marine aquaculture. These plastic gear materials break into MPs during prolonged ultraviolet (UV) light exposure and mechanical abrasion (sand and waves) [1]. The concentration of MPs in cultured mussels is higher than that of wild mussels, which might be related to the use of plastic polypropylene carrier lines t
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