Microplastics in Inland Small Waterbodies
Small waterbodies are the most numerous and widespread freshwater environments, and they play important roles in supporting freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery. There has been a considerable increase on research of environmental polluta
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Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Characteristics of Small Waterbodies 1.2 Environmental Pollution in Inland Small Waterbodies 2 Characteristics of Microplastics in Small Waterbodies 2.1 Sources of Microplastics in Small Waterbodies 2.2 Occurrence of Microplastics 2.3 Shape and Size of Microplastics 2.4 Polymer Types of Microplastics 3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Freshwater Biota from Small Waterbodies 4 Effects of Microplastics on Freshwater Biota 5 Management of Small Waterbodies References
Abstract Small waterbodies are the most numerous and widespread freshwater environments, and they play important roles in supporting freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery. There has been a considerable increase on research of environmental pollutants in small waterbodies, but only a few works have focused on microplastic (MP) occurrence and effects. MP pollution has been well documented in large freshwaters. Meanwhile, small waterbodies are also the receiving waters of MPs through stormwater runoff, atmospheric deposition, etc. In this chapter, we first introduce the definitions and characteristics of a range of small waterbodies and their ongoing threats. Next, we overview the distributions and
L. Hu Colleage of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China D. He Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China H. Shi (*) State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] Defu He and Yongming Luo (eds.), Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments - Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2019_445, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
L. Hu et al.
characteristics of MPs in small waterbodies worldwide and offer some insights into their sources. Furthermore, we give a brief discussion about interactions of MPs with freshwater biota and describe the toxicity effects of MPs on amphibians in detail. Lastly, we demonstrate the current awareness of people about small waterbodies and provide potential approaches to minimize their MP pollution. Overall, high abundances of MPs are observed in water and sediment collected from various types of small waterbodies, and MPs pose a significant threat to the resident organisms and human health. Yet, less detailed information is available on small waterbodies’ MPs at present. Therefore, we appeal more researchers and policy-makers to focus on the protection and management of small waterbodies. Keywords Characteristics, Management, Microplastics, Risks, Small waterbodies
1 Introduction 1.1
Characteristics of Small Waterbodies
As an important part of the freshwater system, small waterbodies are the most numerous freshwater environments in the world and can be seen everywhere. Up to now, however, small waterbodies have no specific definition; they usually encompass ponds, small lakes, small rivers, streams, ditches, and springs [1,
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