Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cell Reprogramming
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Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cell Reprogramming Abeer Sallam 1,2 & Shaker A. Mousa 3 Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases have different types according to the onset of the disease, the time course, and the underlying pathology. Although the dogma that brain cells cannot regenerate has changed, the normal regenerative process of the brain is usually not sufficient to restore brain tissue defects after different pathological insults. Stem cell therapy and more recently cell reprogramming could achieve success in the process of brain renewal. This review article presents recent advances of stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and the role of cell reprogramming in the scope of optimizing a confined condition that could direct signaling pathways of the cell toward a specific neural lineage. Further, we will discuss different types of transcriptional factors and their role in neural cell fate direction. Keywords Neural stem cells . Cell reprogramming . Neural transcriptional factors . Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative diseases are groups of neurological diseases that have a long onset course with a diversity of underlying pathological processes that end by degenerative brain sequel (Fig. 1). With the rise in the world population, neurodegenerative diseases are increasing among all genders, races, and geographical backgrounds [1–3]. In 2015, neurodegenerative diseases were the leading cause group of disabilityadjusted life-years (a measure of overall neurodegenerative diseases burden) and the second leading cause group of deaths, representing 8–16% of worldwide death [4]. Common neurodegenerative diseases are Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). These diseases are variable in their pathophysiology with several consequences such as memory and cognitive impairments, speaking and breathing problems, and motor function disability [5, 6]. * Shaker A. Mousa [email protected] 1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Governorate, Alexandria, Egypt
2
Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and its Applications (CERRMA) Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Governorate, Egypt
3
The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
Neuro-inflammation plays a major role in the advancement of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation-related compounds such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), reactive oxygen species, IL-18, matrix metalloproteinase, glia maturation factor, and mast cells-mediated histamine and proteases that have deleterious impacts on neurogenesis are involved, consequently hindering endogenous tissue repair mechanisms [7, 8]. Following neuro-inflammation, paracrine and morphogenic chan
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