Novel Neuroprotective Potential of Crocin in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Illustrated Mechanistic Review
- PDF / 1,714,684 Bytes
- 13 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 7 Downloads / 146 Views
REVIEW
Novel Neuroprotective Potential of Crocin in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Illustrated Mechanistic Review Sareh Kermanshahi1 · Ghazal Ghanavati1 · Mobina Abbasi‑Mesrabadi1 · Mina Gholami2 · Luis Ulloa3 · Majid Motaghinejad1 · Sepideh Safari1 Received: 17 July 2020 / Revised: 11 September 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that contribute to neuronal cytotoxicity and degeneration. Recent studies reported that crocin, a carotenoid chemical compound common in crocus and gardenia flowers, has protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in the nervous system. This article reviews the new experimental, clinical, and pharmacological studies on the neuroprotective properties of crocin and its potential mechanisms to modulate metabolic oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Keywords Crocin · Neurodegeneration · Mitochondrial dysfunction · Oxidative stress · Inflammation · Apoptosis
Introduction Neurodegenerative disorders represents the progressive loss of neuronal function caused by cytotoxic, metabolic, or immune disorders [1]. This dysfunction is common to multiple neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s (PD), and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). Neurodegeneration is induced by multiple pathologic processes such as ischemia–reperfusion, stroke, chemical toxicity, or drug abuse triggering oxidative stress and/or inflammation [2–8]. These processes can contribute to neurodegeneration both at local and systemic levels [8, 9]. The incidence of neurodegenerative disorders is dramatically increasing during recent years due to multiple reasons such as unhealthy * Luis Ulloa [email protected] * Majid Motaghinejad [email protected] 1
Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat highway, Beside the Milad Tower, P.O. Box: 14496‑14525, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
life styles, abuse of drugs, and exposures to environmental toxins [9, 10]. Neural cell degeneration is often observed in multiple brain regions such as hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex preventing normal function [11, 12]. The main pathologic hallmarks contributing to neurodegeneration include oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation that are primary due to mitochondrial dysfunction [13–15] (Fig. 1). Cell death signaling pathways and apoptosis in neurons are critical biologic factors involved in neurodegeneration [16, 17]. DNA fragmentation and apoptotic proteins such as caspases-3, 9, and 8, are increased d
Data Loading...