Occurrence of Parabens in Surface Water, Wastewater Treatment Plant in Southeast of Brazil and Assessment of Their Envir
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Occurrence of Parabens in Surface Water, Wastewater Treatment Plant in Southeast of Brazil and Assessment of Their Environmental Risk Carolina Resende Derisso & Caroline Moço Erba Pompei & Mariângela Spadoto Tiago da Silva Pinto & Eny Maria Vieira
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Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Parabens are chemical compounds widely used that act as preservatives. Liquid-liquid extraction could be considered an efficient technique, as does not need special devices and is economically viable. Thus, the present research had the objective of developing and validating an analytical method for liquid-liquid extraction using fewer solvents and liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector for the analysis of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben in sanitary sewage samples from the São Carlos wastewater treatment plant before and after treatment; it was also accomplished in surface water samples from Santa Maria Madalena, Tijuco Preto, Gregório, and Monjolinho
streams. To optimize the process conditions the factorial design was used to determine the most significant variables, through a central composite design. In addition, environmental risk analysis was performed to assess the risk of the paraben’s presence in surface waters for aquatic biota. The validation tests showed a good fit of the developed method. The methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben were detected in the range of μg L−1, and ethyl and butylparaben were detected in every collected sample in a range of 0.38 to 11 μg L−1. The species sensitivity distributions were calculated to assess the ecological risk of parabens, and the results showed a low risk for aquatic biota.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04835-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. C. R. Derisso : E. M. Vieira Department of Chemistry and Molecular Physics, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
C. R. Derisso e-mail: [email protected] E. M. Vieira e-mail: [email protected] C. M. E. Pompei : M. Spadoto : T. da Silva Pinto Water Resources and Applied Ecology Center, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, Caixa Postal 292, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil
M. Spadoto e-mail: [email protected] T. da Silva Pinto e-mail: [email protected] C. M. E. Pompei (*) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP CEP 17033-360, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
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Keywords Personal care products . Preservatives . Tropical streams . WWTP . Chromatography . Species sensitivity distribution
1 Introduction Parabens (PBs) are chemical compounds widely used and they are present on approximately 80% of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP
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