Optimization of L(+) Lactic Acid Production from Solid Pineapple Waste (SPW) by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of L(+) Lactic Acid Production from Solid Pineapple Waste (SPW) by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 Nor Azimah Mohd Zain1 · Siti Nurbalqis Aziman1 · Mohd Suardi Suhaimi2 · Ani Idris2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Solid pineapple waste (SPW) is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes found in the tropic region. Improper management could lead to deposition of such waste in the environment causing other problems. Optimized bioconversion into value added products using potent microorganism could be an option to manage SPW. In this study, Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 was used to convert SPW to L(+) lactic acid through solid-state fermentation (SSF). The lactic acid production, reducing sugar utilization and by-product formation were studied using central composite design (CCD) after screening step using 2 level Factorial Design (2LFD). Studied parameters include moisture content (45 to 85% w/w), incubation time (0 to 7 days), temperature (25 to 45 °C), pH (4 to 8), and inoculum size (1 × 105 to 1 × 109 spores/g). During 2LFD, the highest lactic acid concentration obtained was 84.85 mg/g under the condition of 60% w/w of moisture content, 3 days of incubation, 35 °C, pH of 7 and 1 × 107 spores/g. Based on the condition suggested by CCD, the maximum lactic acid concentration of 103.69 mg/g was obtained with the following optimized SSF conditions: 67.53% w/w of moisture content, 3 days of incubation, temperature of 32.2 °C, pH of 5.6, and inoculum size of 1 × 107 spores/g.
* Nor Azimah Mohd Zain [email protected] 1
Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Solid pineapple waste (SPW) · Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 · Response surface methodology (RSM) · Lactic acid · Solid-state fermentation (SSF)
Introduction Lignocellulosic materials contain cellulose, hemicellulose, extractives and lignin [1]. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to value-added products is gaining interest since it is economical, renewable and available worldwide [2]. Besides that, utilization of solid lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products might offset the disposal costs of the solid waste. This could be achieved by solid-sate fermentation (SSF) since SSF offers low recovery cost in downstream processing as well as minimized chance of bacterial contamination [3]. Previous researchers reported that lignocellulosic component could be degraded into lactic acid through SSF. Various lignocellulosic materials have been evaluated for lactic acid production via SSF
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including sugarcane baggase, sweet sorghum, sugarcane pressmud, and rice straw [4–7]. Pineapple is a tropical fruit enriched with a lot of nutrients, where it is categorized into lignocellulosic-based material [8]. However, p
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