Optimization of Process Variables to Prepare Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Mustard Straw for Dye Adsorption Using Res
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Optimization of Process Variables to Prepare Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Mustard Straw for Dye Adsorption Using Response Surface Methodology Kalpana Patidar & Manish Vashishtha
Received: 19 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In present work, mustard straw, an abundantly available agricultural residue in various parts of globe, is used to prepare a low-cost activated carbon by chemical activation using phosphoric acid. Response surface methodology is employed for optimization of adsorption of methylene blue dye onto mustard strawactivated carbon (MSAC). Central composite design is employed to evaluate the effect of three production variables namely activation temperature (400–800 °C), activation time (60–120 min), and impregnation ratio (2–7), on adsorption capacities of activated carbon to maximize methylene blue dye removal from its aqueous solution. Among the three process variables, activation time showed prominent effect on the response whereas the effect of activation temperature was relatively less significant on adsorption capacity of MB. The optimum conditions obtained for MSAC are activation temperature, 768 °C; activation time, 60 min; and impregnation ratio, 4.2, which leads to 198 mg g−1 adsorption capacity of methylene blue. The model predicted and experimental value for response were highly comparable. Characterization of MSAC was done using several analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques, and reusability up to five adsorptiondesorption cycles was tested. The results showed that MSAC obtained has highly porous structure comparable K. Patidar : M. Vashishtha (*) Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India e-mail: [email protected]
with activated carbon obtained from other biomass feed stocks. Keywords Mustard straw . Activated carbon . Methylene blue dye . Response surface technology . Adsorption
1 Introduction Activated carbon (AC) is a carbonic material which is black solid in appearance and bears a close resemblance with powdered or granular charcoal (Danish and Ahmad 2018). Some of its important physical properties include high porosity, sufficiently high mechanical strength and large internal surface area. It finds widespread applications as adsorbents in treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater, purification of gases and as catalyst or catalyst supports (Grzybek 1997). However, its high cost is a matter of concern, as result of which a lot of focus is shifted on development of its low-cost alternatives. Commercial grade AC is mainly obtained from coal and lignocellulose-rich agricultural residues. Of these, agricultural wastes for obtaining AC hold promise as it serves twin benefit of saving coal/coke which is used as solid fuel and also in mitigating environmental pollution by utilizing the surplus agricultural waste generated. Agriculture residues which can be used i
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