Pathogenicity Islands and PAI-Like Structures in Pseudomonas Species
The pseudomonads are a class of organisms which are ubiquitously distributed at low frequency in soil and aquatic habitats (OECD 1997). Some species (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens) are in addition profound colonizers of the rhizo- and phyllo
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2 2.1 2.2 2.3
PAI-Like Structures in P. aeruginosa . . . . . . . . . . . . The P. aeruginosa PAO1 Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Exoenzyme S Regulon, a Cluster of Virulence Genes Islands of Clone- or Strain-Speci®c DNA Cause Interand Intraclonal Genomic Diversity in P. aeruginosa . . . 2.4 Origin of PAI-Like Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3 PAIs or PAI-Like Structures in Other Pseudomonads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 3.1 The Hrp PAI of P. syringae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 3.2 Islands of Catabolic Versatility in Pseudomonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
1 Introduction The pseudomonads are a class of organisms which are ubiquitously distributed at low frequency in soil and aquatic habitats (OECD 1997). Some species (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas ¯uorescens) are in addition profound colonizers of the rhizo- and phyllosphere and promote plant growth, whereas the phylogenetically related species Pseudomonas syringae belongs to the major bacterial phytopathogens. The type species Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen for plants, animals and man (CAMPA et al. 1993). Due to their metabolic versatility, pseudomonads are prime candidates for bioremediation of environmental pollutants such as halogenated hydrocarbons. Numerous Pseudomonas strains are employed for biotechnological purposes because of uncommon metabolic routes of synthesis and/or degradation of chemicals or secondary metabolites. It is tempting to assume that these peculiar metabolic features are encoded by some strain-speci®c extrachromosomal or chromosomal DNA, but, with a few exceptions, the genetic origin of versatility has not been Klinische Forschergruppe, OE 6710, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
J. Hacker et al. (eds.), Pathogenicity Islands and the Evolution of Pathogenic Microbes © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002
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K. Larbig et al.
worked out for the pseudomonads. It is only the type species P. aeruginosa for which the genomic basis of its diversity has been analyzed in sucient depth to allow some general conclusions.
2 PAI-Like Structures in P. aeruginosa 2.1 The P. aeruginosa PAO1 Genome The whole genome sequence of the genetic reference strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 has been resolved (STOVER et al. 2000). The 6.26-Mb PAO genome diers from the other sequenced microbial genomes of lower
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