Perfluoroalkyl substances in the Lingang hybrid constructed wetland, Tianjin, China: occurrence, distribution characteri
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Perfluoroalkyl substances in the Lingang hybrid constructed wetland, Tianjin, China: occurrence, distribution characteristics, and ecological risks Ziang Chen 1 & Gengbo Ren 1 & Xiaodong Ma 1,2 & Ye Ding 3 & Yunmin Hui 3 & Pingping Qin 3 & Zhuoqi Xu 1 & Xiujun Gu 4 & Fang Yuan 4 & Yanhai Liu 4 Received: 15 January 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the surface waters of the Lingang hybrid constructed wetland were systematically investigated. Twenty-three PFASs were analyzed from 7 representative sampling zones. The obtained results indicated that PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFBS, PFOS, and HFPO-DA were frequently detected; and PFBA, PFOA, and PFOS were the dominant PFASs with the relative abundances in ranges of 26.91 to 52.26%, 11.79 to 28.79%, and 0 to 31.98%, respectively. The total concentrations of 8 PFASs (Σ8PFASs) ranged from 25.9 to 56.6 ng/L, and the highest concentration was observed in subsurface flow wetland. Moreover, HFPO-DA with high toxicity was detected in wetlands for the first time. Based on the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) analysis, three sources and their contributions were fluoropolymer processing aids (67.6%), fluororesin coatings and metal plating (17.9%), and food packaging materials and atmospheric precipitation (14.5%), respectively. According to the risk quotients (RQs), the ecological risk of 8 PFASs was low to the aquatic organisms. Keywords Hybrid constructed wetland . Surface waters . Perfluoroalkyl substances . PCA-MLR analysis . Ecological risks
Introduction Constructed wetlands have been regarded as a kind of environmentally friendly ecosystem to treat the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and realize their utilization (Chen et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2019a). In recent years, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as a new kind of persistent
pollutants, have been frequently detected in effluents from WWTPs due to its incomplete removal in the traditional biological treatment processes and the lack of relevant discharge standards (Dong et al. 2020; Hu et al. 2016; Kwon et al. 2017; Shoeib et al. 2016; Xiao et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2009). Effluents containing PFASs would cause potential environmental risks when discharged into wetlands. PFASs
Ziang Chen and Gengbo Ren contributed equally to this work. Responsible editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09921-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xiaodong Ma [email protected]
2
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
* Yunmin Hui [email protected]
3
Tianjin Environmental Protection Technical Development Center, Tianjin 300191, China
4
Tianjin Lingang Construction Development Co., Lt
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