Pinewood Nematode Alters the Endophytic and Rhizospheric Microbial Communities of Pinus massoniana
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Pinewood Nematode Alters the Endophytic and Rhizospheric Microbial Communities of Pinus massoniana Wei Zhang 1,2 & Xuan Wang 1,2 & Yongxia Li 1,2 Xingyao Zhang 1,2
&
Zhenkai Liu 1,2 & Dongzhen Li 1,2 & Xiaojian Wen 1,2 & Yuqian Feng 1,2 &
Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the greatest threats to pine trees and is spreading all over the world. During the nematode’s pathogenesis, plant microorganisms play important roles. However, many microbial communities, such as that in Pinus massoniana, a major host of B. xylophilus that is widely distributed in China, are not well studied, especially the fungal communities. Here, the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus–infected P. massoniana were analyzed. The results showed that 7639 bacterial and 3108 fungal OTUs were annotated from samples of P. massoniana, the rhizosphere, and B. xylophilus. There were significant diversity differences of endophytic microbes between healthy and infected P. massoniana. The abundances of endophytic bacteria Paenibacillus, unidentified_Burkholderiaceae, Serratia, Erwinia, and Pseudoxanthomonas and fungi Penicillifer, Zygoascus, Kirschsteiniothelia, Cyberlindnera, and Sporothrix in infected pines were greater than those in healthy pines, suggesting an association of particular microbial abundances with the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus in pines. Meanwhile, the abundances of microbes of unidentified_Burkholderiaceae, Saitozyma, and Pestalotiopsis were greater and Acidothermus and Trichoderma were lower in the rhizosphere under infected pines than those under healthy pines and the differences might be caused by B. xylophilus–induced weakening of the health of pines. Our study explored the endophytic and rhizospheric microbial community changes potentially caused by B. xylophilus infection of pines. Keywords Microbial community . Pinewood nematode . Pines . Endophytic microbes . Rhizospheric microbes
Introduction Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the greatest threats to pine trees and is spreading all over the world, for example, in Japan, China, Korea, and Europe [1–5]. In China, the pathogen of PWD, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was listed as the only national first-class forest pest and has been found across 18 provinces and causes large numbers of tree death in many
Wei Zhang and Xuan Wang contributed equally to this work. * Yongxia Li [email protected] 1
Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing l00091, China
2
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
pine species, such as Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii, and P. tabuliformis [6–8]. Once inside a pine tree, B. xylophilus can reproduce quickly and destroy the vascular system of the en
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