Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Using Molecular Markers
A total of 101 molecular markers and 367 peanut germplasm resources were selected for population structure and genetic diversity analysis in the study, resulting in 503 alleles. The mean values of gene diversity (GD) and polymorphic information content (P
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1 Introduction Peanut, one of the most important oilseed crops, is grown in more than 100 countries in the world [1, 2]. Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a highly selfing allotetraploid species (2n = 4x = 40, AABB), covering subspecies fastigiata and hypogaea. The ssp. hypogaea can be divided into two botanical types var. hypogaea and var. hirsuta, while ssp. fastigiata including four botanical types var. fastigiata, var. vulgaris, var. peruviana and var. aequatoriana [1, 3]. Furthermore, many breeding programs in china have developed a lot of varieties or lines with high yield and quality and strong resistance to environmental stress through cross breeding between subspecies or different types, known as the “irregular type” in the world [4]. Compared with other countries, peanut germplasm resources belonging to irregular type are more abundant in China [4]. Improvement of yield, quality and resistance in peanut is mostly rely on germplasm resources with distinct characters by breeding ways. However, varieties or lines, developed from breeding parents with narrow genetic basis, may be remarkably similar to each other in many aspects [5]. Thus, it is very difficult to make breakthrough in peanut breeding due to their closely related genetic relationship. Morphological characters were always used in artificial selection for millennia, as well as in selection of breeding parents. Most characters of economic importance, such as yield and quality, are quantitative traits, influenced by numerous genes that often have individually small effects throughout the genome [6]. These traits are also susceptible to environment, making breeding and selection X.R. Zhang F.Z. Liu (&) K. Zhang Y.S. Wan (&) State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China e-mail: [email protected] Y.S. Wan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 H. Liu et al. (eds.), Advances in Applied Biotechnology, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 444, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4801-2_81
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more difficult. Molecular markers evaluate genetic variation on DNA level, providing reliable evidence for germplasm enhancement [1, 3, 7]. A peanut integrated consensus map was constructed by Shirasawa [8] in 2013, covering 2651 cM with 3693 marker loci which was anchored to 20 linkage groups corresponding to peanut genomes. The integrated map supplies valuable data resources to increase the genetic and genomic understanding and facilitate molecular breeding in peanut [8]. There are two most commonly used tools for dissecting complex quantitative traits in crops, linkage analysis and association mapping [9]. Linkage analysis has been always performed with experimental populations which are derived from a bi-parental cross, and individuals shared inheritance of polymorphisms within families of known ancestry [10]. Association mapping has been typically conducted using a collection of individuals often with unobse
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