A Green Approach to the Bio-based Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles from Mining Waste
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A Green Approach to the Bio-based Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles from Mining Waste Reza Shirmehenji1 • Sepideh Javanshir1
•
Moones Honarmand2
Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study deals with producing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by an economical and reliable process using a mining waste that contains significant amounts of selenium (6.11%), silver (4.12%), lead (4.69%), copper (3.61%), antimony (4.97%) and barium sulfate (70.01%). For separation of valuable metals and obtaining a pure solution for Se synthesis, several steps need to be taken; (a) Barium sulfate removal by gravity separation; (b) Leaching of the concentrate by HNO3 (3M); (c) Precipitation of silver and lead as insoluble chloride salts and (d) removing of other impurities such as arsenic, tellurium and strontium. The solution of purified selenium stock was then utilized as a precursor for the green synthesis of SeNPs using fruit extracts via an eco-friendly approach. The different fruit extracts such as plum, grape, orange, pomegranate, tomatoes, and lime were examined, and orange extract was found to be an efficient, reducing agent as well as a stabilizer for green synthesis of SeNPs. The biosynthesized SeNPs were characterized by various techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX. The spherical morphology of SeNPs was confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis, and particle size of SeNPs was found between 70 and 80 nm on the basis of the Debye–Scherrer equation. Graphic Abstract
HNO3
CAS TEM
Precious metals HCl, NaOH
SeNPs BaSO4
Purificaon
Bio-synthesis
Keywords Selenium nanoparticles Green synthesis Copper anode slime Orange extract & Sepideh Javanshir [email protected] Moones Honarmand [email protected]
1
Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran
123
R. Shirmehenji et al.
Introduction Selenium is a valuable element with several applications in the medical, chemical, electronic, ceramic, metallurgical, and glass industries due to its unique physical and chemical properties [1–3]. Copper anodic slimes (CAS), copper flue dust, and lead-containing dust are the main sources of selenium [4]. CAS, the most important source of selenium, contains insoluble compounds of electrolytic copper refining such as gold and silver, lead, selenium, tellurium, and barium sulfate [5]. The slimes are the raw materials from which more than 90% of selenium is produced in the world. Most refineries are designed some hydrometallurgical processes to recover precious metals, such as gold, silver, selenium and tellurium etc. Several methods have been developed to recover elemental selenium from CAS, such as alkaline leaching and caustic roasting [6–11]. However, the production of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from this secondary source has
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