Activated Carbon From Palm Fibres Used as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Activated Carbon From Palm Fibres Used as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal Lana S. Maia1 · Andressa I. C. da Silva1 · Emanuel S. Carneiro1 · Francisco Maciel Monticelli2 · Fernanda R. Pinhati1 · Daniella R. Mulinari3 Accepted: 24 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, activated carbon was synthesized by chemical activation using sodium hydroxide as an activating agent from residues of the stem and sheath palm fibres, and their efficacies in the removal of methylene blue were evaluated. The materials were characterized by techniques like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface area (BET). The influence of two experimental factors, such as contact time (10 to 70 min) and initial dye concentration (25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg.L− 1) was investigated. The adsorption process was followed by the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 110.79 and 162.54 mg.g− 1for stem and sheath palm. Results demonstrated that activated carbon from palm fibres have characteristics necessary for the removal of methylene blue. The equilibrium data were well adjusted in the Langmuir isotherm model, which confirms that the adsorption was heterogeneous and occurred through physicochemical interactions. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Palm fibres residue · Activated carbon · Methylene blue · Adsorption * Daniella R. Mulinari [email protected]; [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Introduction The concern with wastewater generated by industries has stimulated the development of new technologies [1]. In this context, attention has been given to industrial effluents containing organic dyes, heavy metals, and contaminants, affecting water quality [2]. In Brazil, the National Environment Council (CONAMA) of the Environment Ministry establishes the disposal of liquid effluents. The CONAMA Resolution 430 regulates the conditions, parameters, standards, and directives to manage effluent releases into receptor water bodies, partially changing and complementing Resolution 357 [3, 4]. Effluents from any polluting source may be directly released into receptor bodies after their duly treatment and demands established in this Resolution and by other applicable standards. One of the industrial pollutants of wastewater is the dye, extensively used in multiple industries such as textile, printing, cosmetics, ink, and plastics. Among the various dyes, methylene blue (MB) is a cationic dye in the phenothiazine class and has various applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine [5, 6]. Exposure to MB can cause harmful health effects, such as high blood pressure, gastrointestinal pain, and nausea. Several methods are used to eliminate pollutants from aquatic environments, including coagulation-flocculation, precipitation, and oxidation [7, 8]. Ho
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