Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk
- PDF / 1,212,683 Bytes
- 15 Pages / 547.087 x 737.008 pts Page_size
- 8 Downloads / 208 Views
(0123456789().,-volV) ( 01234567 89().,-volV)
ORIGINAL PAPER
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk Sze Yee Wee . Didi Erwandi Mohamad Haron . Ahmad Zaharin Aris Fatimah Md. Yusoff . Sarva Mangala Praveena
.
Received: 31 October 2019 / Accepted: 10 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typical endocrine disruptors found in common pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However, current treatment technologies are inefficient for removing emerging endocrine disruptors, leading to the potential contamination of tap water. This study employed an optimized analytical method comprising solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS) to detect APIs in tap water in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals and
S. Y. Wee A. Z. Aris (&) Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] D. E. M. Haron Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia F. Md. Yusoff Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia S. M. Praveena Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
personal care products, including anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac), antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and triclosan), antiepileptics (primidone), antibacterial agents (ciprofloxacin), betablockers (propranolol), psychoactive stimulants (caffeine), and antiparasitic drugs (diazinon), were detected in the range of \ 0.03 to 21.39 ng/L, whereas chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) was below the detection limit (\ 0.23 ng/L). A comparison with global data revealed the spatial variability of emerging tap water pollutants. Diclofenac accounted for the highest concentration (21.39 ng/L), followed by triclosan and ciprofloxacin (9.74 ng/L and 8.69 ng/L, respectively). Caffeine was observed in all field samples with the highest distribution at 35.32%. Caffeine and triclosan exhibited significantly different distributions in household tap water (p \ 0.05). Humans are exposed to these APIs by drinking the tap water; however, the estimated risk was negligible (risk quotient \ 1). APIs are useful water quality monitoring indicators for water resource conservation and water supply safety related to emerging organic contaminants; thus, API detection is important for safeguarding the environment and human health. Keywords Pharmaceuticals Endocrine disruptor Tap water Drinking water Human health risk assessment Risk quotient
123
Environ Geochem Health
Introduction Pharmaceut
Data Loading...
