Antimicrobial Activity of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler Extract-Loaded Chitosan Microparticles in Oral Infectious Disea
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Research Article Antimicrobial Activity of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler Extract-Loaded Chitosan Microparticles in Oral Infectious Disease Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza,1,2,3,9 Cleildo Pereira de Santana,4 Lucas Amaral-Machado,5 Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte,6 Francinalva Dantas de Medeiros,7 Germano Veras,8 and Ana Cláudia Dantas de Medeiros1
Received 15 May 2020; accepted 11 August 2020 Abstract. Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a health concern, mainly in oral diseases, in which treatments with chlorhexidine solution (0.2%) are often used; however, it presents high toxicity degree and several side effects. Based on this, the use of natural products as an alternative to treatment has been explored. Nonetheless, plant extracts have poor organoleptic characteristics that impair theirs in natura use. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the analytical profile, biological activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro of S. brasiliensis– loaded chitosan microparticles (CMSb) produced using different aspersion flow rates. The analytical fingerprint was obtained by FTIR and NIR spectra. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to verify the similarity between the samples. The crystallinity degree was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical screening (PS) was performed to quantify phytocompounds. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antibiofilm activity and bactericidal kinetics against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212 and MB 146—clinical isolated) were also assessed. The hemolytic potential was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Data provided by FTIR, NIR, and PCA analyses revealed chemical similarity between all CMSb. Furthermore, the results from XRD analysis showed that the obtained CMSb present amorphous characteristic. Tannins and polyphenols were accurately quantified by the PS, but methodology limitations did not allow the flavonoid quantification. The low hemolytic potential assay indicates that all samples are safe. Antimicrobial assays revealed that CMSb were able to inhibit not only the E. faecalis ATCC growth but also the biofilm formation. Only one CMSb sample was able to inhibit the clinical strain. These results highlighted the CMSb antimicrobial potential and revealed this system as a promising product to treat infections caused by E. faecalis. KEY WORDS: Schinopsis brasiliensis; Enterococcus faecalis; microparticles; chemometric analysis; antimicrobial assay. 1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. 2 Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Pernambuco–Campus Arcoverde, Arcoverde, PE, Brazil. 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental, Universidade de Pernambuco–Campus Garanhuns, São José, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil. 4 Centro de Tecnologia em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 5 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN
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