Antimicrobial Peptides for Detection and Diagnostic Assays
Considered gold standards for biodetection, immunoassays and nucleic acid-based assays are sensitive, highly selective, and well characterized. However, they are capable of detecting only those targets for which specific reagents (such as antibodies or nu
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Abstract Considered gold standards for biodetection, immunoassays and nucleic acid-based assays are sensitive, highly selective, and well characterized. However, they are capable of detecting only those targets for which specific reagents (such as antibodies or nucleic acid primers or probes) have been developed. Furthermore, new, emerging, and unexpected pathogens may not be detected. To address the challenge of detecting both known and unknown microbes, assays utilizing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are being developed for integration into both biosensors and high-throughput platforms. AMP-based detection represents a new paradigm in sensing—namely, the ability to screen a sample for the presence of many different microbes without target-specific reagents, and to provide broad classification information on the species detected. Keywords Antimicrobial peptide, Biosensor, Immobilization, Semi-selective binding
Contents 1 Conventional Approach for Pathogen Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 New Paradigm for Pathogen Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AMPs as Recognition Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Broad-Based Sensing Using AMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Solution-Phase Detection Using AMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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L.C. Shriver-Lake, S.H. North, and C.R. Taitt (*) Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA e-mail: [email protected] S.N. Dean NRL/NREIP Intern Resident at the US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA S.A. Piletsky and M.J. Whitcombe (eds.), Designing Receptors for the Next Generation of Biosensors, Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013) 12: 85–104 DOI 10.1007/5346_2012_19, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012, Published online: 27 June 2012
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3.2 Biosensor-Based Detection Using Immobilized AMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.3 High-Throughput Screening Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Abbreviations AMP Cfu HTS LPS LTA OAKs PCR PMB QCM-D SPR
Antimicrobial peptide Colony-forming units High-throughput screening Lipopolysaccharide Lipoteichoic acid Oligoacyllysines Polymerase chain reaction Polymyxin B Quartz cry
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