Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant
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Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant Md Zahangir Hossain1,2,3 · Md Mezbaul Bahar1 · Binoy Sarkar4 · Scott Wilfred Donne5 · Young Sik Ok6 · Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya6 · Mary Beth Kirkham7 · Saikat Chowdhury8 · Nanthi Bolan1,2 Received: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 © Crown 2020
Abstract Biochar, an environmentally friendly soil conditioner, is produced using several thermochemical processes. It has unique characteristics like high surface area, porosity, and surface charges. This paper reviews the fertilizer value of biochar, and its effects on soil properties, and nutrient use efficiency of crops. Biochar serves as an important source of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen in biochar produced from manures and wastes at low temperature (≤ 400 °C). The phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient contents are higher in manure/waste biochars than those in crop residues and woody biochars. The nutrient contents and pH of biochar are positively correlated with pyrolysis temperature, except for nitrogen content. Biochar improves the nutrient retention capacity of soil, which depends on porosity and surface charge of biochar. Biochar increases nitrogen retention in soil by reducing leaching and gaseous loss, and also increases phosphorus availability by decreasing the leaching process in soil. However, for potassium and other nutrients, biochar shows inconsistent (positive and negative) impacts on soil. After addition of biochar, porosity, aggregate stability, and amount of water held in soil increase and bulk density decreases. Mostly, biochar increases soil pH and, thus, influences nutrient availability for plants. Biochar also alters soil biological properties by increasing microbial populations, enzyme activity, soil respiration, and microbial biomass. Finally, nutrient use efficiency and nutrient uptake improve with the application of biochar to soil. Thus, biochar can be a potential nutrient reservoir for plants and a good amendment to improve soil properties. Keywords Biochar · Nutrients · Manure · Soil properties · Nutrient use efficiency
1 Introduction * Nanthi Bolan [email protected] 1
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
2
Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
3
Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
4
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
5
Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
6
O‑Jeong Eco‑Resilience Institute and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
7
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506‑5501, USA
8
Department of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
In recent decades, application of biochar to soil has drawn attention from the
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