Characterization and Genome Analysis of a Novel Marine Alteromonas Phage P24
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Characterization and Genome Analysis of a Novel Marine Alteromonas Phage P24 Xinran Zhang1 · Yundan Liu1 · Min Wang1,2,3 · Meiwen Wang1 · Tong Jiang1 · Jianhua Sun1 · Chen Gao1 · Yong Jiang1,2,3 · Cui Guo1,2,3 · Hongbing Shao1,2,3 · Yantao Liang1,2,3 · Andrew McMinn1,2,4 Received: 23 December 2019 / Accepted: 4 June 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Although Alteromonas is ubiquitous in the marine environment, very little is known about Alteromonas phages, with only ten, thus far, being isolated and reported on. In this study, a novel double-stranded DNA phage, Alteromonas phage P24, which infects Alteromonas macleodii, was isolated from the coastal waters off Qingdao. Alteromonas phage P24 has a siphoviral morphology, with an icosahedral head, 61 ± 1 nm in diameter, and a tail length of 105 ± 1 nm. Alteromonas phage P24 contains lipids. It has an optimal temperature and pH for growth of 20℃ and 5–7, respectively. A one-step growth curve shows a latent period of 55 min, a rise period of 65 min, and an average burst size of approximately 147 virions per cell. Alteromonas phage P24 has the genome of 46,945 bp with 43.80% GC content and 74 open reading frames (ORFs) without tRNA. The results of the phylogenetic tree, based on the mcp and terL genes, show that Alteromonas phage P24 is closely related to Aeromonas phage phiARM81ld. Meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome of P24 indicates that it forms a unique viral sub-cluster within Siphoviridae. This study contributes to the understanding of the genomic characteristics and the virus-host interactions of Alteromonas phages.
Introduction
Xinran Zhang and Yundan Liu have contributed equally to this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02077-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hongbing Shao [email protected] * Yantao Liang [email protected] 1
College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
2
Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
3
Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
4
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Viruses, which are the most abundant biological entity in the ocean [1], play a significant role in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon, phosphorus and sulfur [2]. The majority of viruses are bacteriophages [3] and about 10–50% of marine bacterial lysis is caused by bacteriophages [4]. They influence the genetic diversity of marine microbes by horizontal gene transfer and promote the flow of energy through global ecosystems [5]. Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27,126, the type strain of Alteromonas within the family Alteromonadaceae of class Gammaproteobacteria
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