Chemometric tools applied to optimize a fast solid-phase microextraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydr
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chemometric tools applied to optimize a fast solid-phase microextraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in produced water Pedro Hermano M. Vasconcelos 1 & André Luiz M. Camelo 2 & Ari Clecius A. de Lima 3 & Hélio O. do Nascimento 4 & Carla B. Vidal 5,6 & Ronaldo F. do Nascimento 4 & Gisele S. Lopes 4 & Elisane Longhinotti 4 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chemometric tools are powerful strategies to efficiently optimize many processes. These tools were employed to optimize a fastsolid phase microextraction procedure, which was used for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil-based produced water using a Headspace–Solid Phase Microextraction technique (HS-SPME/GC-MS). This optimization was achieved with a 24 factorial design approach, where the final conditions for this extraction procedure were 10 μg L−1, 1 h, 92 °C (at headspace), and 0.62 mol L−1 for PAHs concentration, fiber exposition to headspace, temperature, and NaCl concentration, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) in this protocol ranged from 0.2 to 41.4 ng L−1, while recovery values from 67.65 to 113.10%. Besides that, relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 8.39% considering high molecular weight compounds. Moreover, the proposed methodology in this work does not require any previous treatment of the sample and allows to quantify a higher number of PAHs. Notably, naphthalene was the major PAHs compound quantified in all samples of the produced water at 99.99 μg L−1. Altogether, these results supported this methodology as a suitable analytical strategy for fast determination of PAHs in produced water from oil-based industry. Keywords Produced water . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Solid-phase microextraction . Chemometric tools . Gas chromatography . Mass spectrometry
Responsible Editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10881-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ronaldo F. do Nascimento [email protected] * Elisane Longhinotti [email protected] 1
2
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 62580-000, Brazil
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE 62930-000, Brazil
3
Industrial Technology Center of Ceará Foundation (Núcleo de Tecnologia e Qualidade Industrial do Ceará - NUTEC), Fortaleza, CE 60440-552, Brazil
4
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60440-900, Brazil
5
Centro Universitario UniFanor, Campus Dunas, R. Antonio Gomes Guimaraes, 150, Papicu, Fortaleza, CE 60191-195, Brazil
6
Centro Universitário UniFametro, Campus Carneiro da Cunha, R. Carneiro da Cunha, 180, Jacarecanga, Fortaleza, CE 60010-470, Brazil
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Introduction The produced water (PW) is by far the
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