Citrobacter diversus -derived keratinases and their potential application as detergent-compatible cloth-cleaning agents
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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY - RESEARCH PAPER
Citrobacter diversus-derived keratinases and their potential application as detergent-compatible cloth-cleaning agents Carlos Eduardo Duffeck 1 & Cíntia Lionela Ambrósio de Menezes 1 & Maurício Boscolo 1 & Roberto da Silva 1 & Eleni Gomes 1 & Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva 1 Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 March 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020
Abstract Currently, poultry farming is one of the sectors that have a significant impact on the global economy. In recent years, there has been an increase in the production of broilers, inflicting this segment of the industry to generate tons of keratin due to huge disposal of chicken feathers. This points to the need to degrade these chicken feathers, as they have emerged as a major threat to the environment. Thus, in this study we aimed to identify keratinases that are produced by the bacterium Citrobacter diversus and further investigate the biochemical characteristics of these keratin-degrading enzymes. In a submerged medium, the bacterium was capable of degrading chicken feathers almost completely after 36 h of fermentation. We found a maximum caseinolytic activity at pH 9–10.5 and 50–55 °C, and keratinolytic activity at pH 8.5–9.5 and 50 °C. Thus, given its stability at higher temperatures, upon incubation of this enzyme extract for 1 h at 50 °C, it showed approximately 50% of the keratinolytic and 100% of the caseinolytic activity. Further, under pH stability for 48 h at 4 °C, the enzyme extract maintained greater residual activity in the pH range 6–8. Caseinolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and PMSF, whereas the keratinolytic activity was inhibited only by EDTA. Additionally, due to its alkaline activity and detergent compatibility, this enzyme extract could improve washing performance when added to a commercial detergent formulation. Using application tests, we could demonstrate a potential use of this bacterial enzyme extract as an additive in detergents to remove egg stains from cloth. Keywords Bacteria . Keratin . Enzyme . Keratinase . Sustainability . Detergent
Introduction Poultry farming is one of the industrial sectors that have a significant impact on the global economy, and it generates tons of keratin as the recalcitrant waste [1]. According to a report by the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America, in the last few years there has been an increase in the production of broilers, with an estimated value that has reached up to 103 million tons in 2020, to which Brazil has contributed 13 million tons of chicken per year [2]. The feathers constitute about 5–10% of the weight of a chicken and are comprised of approximately 90% of keratin Responsible Editor: Inês Conceição Roberto * Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva [email protected] 1
Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, R/ Cristóvão Colombo, 2265. Jd Nazareth, Ibilce-Unesp, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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