Coagulation-flocculation of turbid water using graphene oxide: simulation through response surface methodology and proce
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Coagulation-flocculation of turbid water using graphene oxide: simulation through response surface methodology and process characterization Nazila Rezania 1 & Maryam Hasani Zonoozi 1
&
Motahareh Saadatpour 1
Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It was aimed to precisely investigate the coagulation properties of graphene oxide (GO) as a novel coagulant for turbidity removal from water. For this purpose, the process was simulated through response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the effect of the preselected independent factors (pH, GO dosage, and initial turbidity) and their interaction effects on the process. Based on the results, increased turbidity removal efficiencies were obtained as pH decreased from 10 to 3. Besides, increase of GO dosage within the test range (2.5–30 mg/L) was highly beneficial for enhancing the process performance. However, a slight overdosing of GO was observed for dosages of more than 20 mg/L under pH values of less than about 4. For initial turbidity with test range of 25–300 NTU, there was an optimum range (approximately 120–200 NTU) out of which the removal efficiency declined. According to the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), pH and GO dosage, orderly, had the strongest individual effect on the process performance. The most significant interaction effect was also observed between pH and GO dosage. The optimal coagulation conditions with GO dosage of 4.0 mg/L, pH of 3.0, and initial turbidity of 193.34 NTU led to a turbidity removal efficiency of about 98.3%, which was in good agreement with RSM results. Under basic pH levels, the sweeping effect was recognized as the main coagulation mechanism occurred between the negatively surface charged particles of GO and soil. However, according to zeta potential (ZP) analysis results, under acidic pH conditions in addition to the sweep coagulation, the electric double layer compression, and the subsequent ZP reduction also contributed significantly to the process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the layered structure of GO particles provided an appropriate platform on which the flocs were formed. Keywords Graphene oxide (GO) . Coagulation-flocculation process . Turbidity removal . Response surface methodology (RSM) . Sweep coagulation . Zeta potential reduction
Introduction Surface water resources usually contain several organic and inorganic colloidal particles such as clay, silt, and Responsible editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr * Maryam Hasani Zonoozi [email protected]; [email protected] Nazila Rezania [email protected]; [email protected] Motahareh Saadatpour [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
microorganisms. These suspended impurities reduce water transparency and make the water turbid (Reynolds and Richards 1996; Qasim et al. 2002; Altaher 2012; Aboubaraka et a
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