Comparative Study of Surface Chemical Composition and Oxide Layer Modification upon Oxygen Plasma Cleaning and Piranha E
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with the Research Group on Materials, Processes and Design (GIMyM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad del Norte, km 5 Vı´ a Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081008, Colombia, and with the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universidad Polite´cnica de Catalun˜a (UPC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. Contact email: [email protected] EMILIANO SALVAGNI is with the Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish National Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. ENRIQUE RODRI´GUEZ-CASTELLO´N is with the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Ma´laga, 29071, Ma´laga, Spain. JOSE´ MARI´A MANERO is with the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universidad Polite´cnica de Catalun˜a (UPC). Virginia Paredes and Emiliano Salvagni have equally contributed to this work. Manuscript submitted August 22, 2016.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
INTRODUCTION
CURRENTLY, metallic biomaterials are approximately 70 to 80 pct of materials used for manufacturing a variety of biological artificial replacements, as well as hip, knee, or shoulder joints, due to their advanced characteristics.[1,2] The materials most commonly used as implants for bone regeneration present elastic moduli between 220 GPa (CoCr) and 110 GPa (Ti); however, the cortical bone has an elastic modulus of 7 to 25 GPa.[3,4] For this reason, the implant exhibits a tendency to produce a stress shielding effect.[1,2,5] The stress shielding may induce resorption of natural bone and loosening of the implant, thus causing functional failures as well as pain for the patient and sometimes requiring a second operation or bone refracture after extraction of the implants.[2,5] Therefore, alloys with a low elastic modulus, resembling that of the bone, are
desirable, as they will inhibit bone atrophy and induce good bone remodeling.[1,2,4–6] Failures in the initial stage of an implant osseointegration may threaten success of the implant itself; if initial osseointegration is not properly achieved, late failures may occur, usually due to excessive load or infection.[7] Recently, different investigations have studied Ti alloy containing b stabilizing elements such as Nb, Zr, Ta, Mo, and Sn. Their combination improves mechanical properties, low elastic modulus, biocorrosion resistance, and biocompatibility and displays no allergic problems.[1,2] There is also a recent tendency to develop alloys composed of no toxic and no allergic metals with excellent mechanical properties (low modulus–high strength) and workability. These orthopedic alloys contain components such as Nb, Fe, Ta, Hf, and Zr.[4,5] Recently, the Ti25Nb21Hf alloy was proposed as a suitable material for bone substitution, as well as a promising candidate for developing Ni-free shape memory alloy in the future.[8,9] T
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