Comparative study of three Plumbago L. species (Plumbaginaceae) by microscopy, UPLC-UV and HPTLC
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Comparative study of three Plumbago L. species (Plumbaginaceae) by microscopy, UPLC-UV and HPTLC Ahmed M. Galal • Vijayasankar Raman • Bharathi Avula Yan-Hong Wang • Chidananda Swamy Rumalla • Aruna Dharmapriya Weerasooriya • Ikhlas A. Khan
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Received: 10 April 2012 / Accepted: 1 October 2012 / Published online: 15 November 2012 Ó The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer Japan 2012
Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of anatomy of leaves, stems and roots of three species of Plumbago, namely P. auriculata Lam., P. indica L. and P. zeylanica L. by light microscopy. The paper also provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the naphthoquinone, plumbagin—a major constituent present in these species— using UPLC-UV. Microscopic examinations revealed the presence of distinctive differences in the anatomical features of the leaf, stem and root of the three species, and these can thus be used for identification and authentication of these species. UPLC-UV analysis showed the highest concentration of plumbagin in the roots of P. zeylanica (1.62 % w/w) followed by the roots of P. indica (0.97 % w/w) and then P. auriculata (0.33–0.53 % w/w). In contrast, plumbagin was not detected in the stems and leaves of P. indica and in the leaves of P. auriculata, whereas very low concentrations (\0.02 % w/w) of plumbagin were detected in the stems and leaves of P. zeylanica and in the stems of P. auriculata. HPTLC fingerprints of the leaf and root of the three species exhibited distinguishable profiles, while those of the stems were undifferentiated. Keywords Plumbago Plumbaginaceae Anatomy Microscopy Plumbagin UPLC-UV HPTLC
A. M. Galal V. Raman B. Avula Y.-H. Wang C. S. Rumalla A. D. Weerasooriya I. A. Khan (&) National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA e-mail: [email protected] I. A. Khan Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Introduction The genus Plumbago L. (Plumbaginaceae) comprises 24 species indigenous mainly to the tropical parts of the world [1]. The roots of some of the Plumbago species are the major sources of the bioactive compound plumbagin, i.e., 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-4-naphthoquinone [2]. Plumbagin has been reported to possess immuno-suppressive, antitumor, antifertility, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities [3, 4]. It is also reported to have other medicinal properties such as alleviation of rheumatic pain and stimulant action on the intestine, heart, and nervous system [5–7]. Recently, plumbagin has been shown to be a cancer chemo-preventive agent [8]. Three species of Plumbago, namely P. auriculata Lam. (syn. P. capensis), P. indica L. (syn. P. rosea) and P. zeylanica L. were the subject of the current study. P. auriculata (Cape leadwort), is native to South Africa, and commonly grown as an ornamental plant
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