Constituent Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Roots of Ferula kelleri
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CONSTITUENT COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM ROOTS OF Ferula kelleri
Zh. R. Shaimerdenova, A. I. Makubayeva, Ye. M. Suleimen, and S. M. Adekenov*
The genus Ferula L. is distributed in Central Asia, the Mediterranean, and North Africa and numbers about 185 species [1]. In Kazakhstan, 48 species, of which 16 are endemic, are known [2]. The essential oil compositions have been studied for few of the large number of Ferula species growing in Kazakhstan. The compositions of essential oils from the genus Ferula are dominated by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sulfides [3]. The qualitative composition and quantitative contents of essential oils from this genus vary depending on the isolation method and plant organs (seeds, stems, roots) [4, 5]. A literature review showed that extracts and essential oils from plants of the genus Ferula possessed antitumor, antioxidant, anthelminthic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and other activities [5]. The species F. kelleri Koso-Pol. (=F. foliosa) was selected for the study. According to the literature, kellerin and foliferin were previously isolated from the subterranean part of this plant [6, 7]. The subterranean part of F. kelleri was collected during flowering in 2018 in Karasay District 5 km to the northeast of Ushkonyr, Zailii Alatau ridge, Ushkonyr gorge, Almaty Region (714 m above sea level, N 43°7′34.02″, E 76°30′41.33″). The species was determined by Dr. P. V. Veselova. A specimen is preserved in the herbarium of IRPH Phytochemistry (Karaganda, Kazakhstan). Essential oils of F. kelleri were isolated by microwave extraction on an NEOS Essential Oils System (at atmospheric pressure 1.033 kgs/cm2, extraction time 90 min, 100°C, radiation power 550 W) and hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. Essential oils of F. kelleri obtained by the two methods were thin light-yellow liquids with a characteristic aroma. The total yields of essential oils were 1.3 (hydrodistillation) and 1.7% (microwave extraction) (calculated for air-dried raw material). The oils were analyzed by GC-MS on a gas chromatograph with a GC-MSD Clarus-SQ 8 mass-selective detector under conditions analogous to those published [8]. Essential oil of F. kelleri obtained by hydrodistillation contained 93 constituents of which 90 (95.7%) were identified. The major constituents (%) were α-bisabolol (29.2), α-pinene (16.0), β-phellandrene (7.8), β-pinene (4.4), p-cymene (4.2), 3-carene (3.7), and eremophilene (3.5). Essential oil from F. kelleri contained mainly monoterpenes (46.3%), sesquiterpenes (48.4), and small amounts of aromatic (0.5) and other (0.2) compounds (Table 1). Essential oil obtained by microwave extraction contained 71 constituents of which 61 (78.2%) were identified. The major constituents were (%) α-bisabolol (39.1), α-bisabolol oxide B (4.3), p-cymene (3.4), and α-pinene (2.3). Sesquiterpenes dominated the identified constituents at 51.1% mass fraction. They also included monoterpenes (18.3%), esters (1.0), and aromatic compounds (0.9) (Table 1). Thus, essential oils of F
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