Contents of Metal(loid)s in a Traditional Ethiopian Flat Bread (Injera), Dietary Intake, and Health Risk Assessment in A
- PDF / 485,555 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 24 Downloads / 169 Views
Contents of Metal(loid)s in a Traditional Ethiopian Flat Bread (Injera), Dietary Intake, and Health Risk Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Desta Woldetsadik 1 & Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez 2 & Pilar Ortega-Barrales 2 & Abinet Haile 3 & Hillette Hailu 1 & Nelly Madani 4 & Noah S. Warner 4 & David E. B. Fleming 4 Received: 10 December 2019 / Accepted: 26 February 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The traditional Ethiopian flat bread, injera, is a regular component of daily diets in Ethiopia and Eritrea. This bread is also popular among urban refugees particularly Eritreans in Addis Ababa. The levels of metal(loid)s in 40 composite (120 sub-samples) injera samples, representing 4 types of market establishments in Addis Ababa, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF). For ICP-MS analysis, the accuracy of the method was evaluated by the analysis of a certified reference material and recovery experiments. It was found that the correlations between the mean levels of Al and Fe and between Al and Mn in injera were highly significant (p < 0.001). It was also found that 1.5 fresh injeras would cover 48–75% of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Mg, 17–21% of RDA for K, 19–23% of RDA for Ca, and 60–72% of RDA for P for an adult group aged between 19 and 50. Daily intakes of Al, Fe, and Mn were found to be above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI)/maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) values. The mean target hazard quotient (THQ) values for Fe and Mn were greater than 1. The total THQ values varied from 6.52 to 8.53 among market establishments. Estimating carcinogenic risk due to exposure to As, Cr, and Pb indicated that perennial injera consumers might remain at cancer risk. This would further escalate if other staple food items and spices are considered. Hence, there is a need for home-based strategies to reduce extrinsic soil-Al-Fe-Mn in injera/tef batter. Keywords Injera . Addis Ababa . Recommended dietary allowance . Target hazard quotient . Cancer risk
Introduction Prolonged exposure to excessive levels of potentially toxic metals from the consumption of food items and supplements can cause deleterious effects in human health [1–3]. For decades, seafoods, contaminated drinking water, and food crops
* Desta Woldetsadik [email protected] 1
Department of Soil and Water Resources Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
2
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
3
Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
4
Physics Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
grown in wastewater-irrigated and mining sites have usually been identified to be the main contributors of dietary intake of potentially toxic metals [4–10]. However, recently, several studies have revealed excessive levels of potentially toxic metal
Data Loading...
