Design of an Immersion Vaccine Against Aeromonad Septicemia in Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)
The production of an immersion vaccine and the vaccination procedure to immunize fry of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) against pathogenic Aeromonas sobria that harbor a type III secretion system is described. The vaccine, based on chemically inactivated A.
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Introduction In contrast to many other intensive livestock production methods, it is very difficult to prevent fish from coming into contact with pathogens, either environmental or harbored by wild fish, as they are most often kept in the pens such as sea cages, ponds, or raceways that are supplied with environmental water. Under such conditions, direct or indirect contact of farmed fish with wild fish is difficult and sometimes impossible to avoid. A suitable method to protect fish from bacterial infections is vaccination, which currently, plays an important role in largescale commercial fish farming. It has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation and has vastly reduced the usage of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture. For example, in Norway, vaccination has led to a 98 % decline in the annual usage of antimicrobial agents in farmed fish since 1987 while, at the same time, production has risen approximately 20 times [1]. Currently, commercial vaccines are available not only for salmon and trout but also for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Acanthopagrus sp.), Japanese amberjack or yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), tilapia (Tilapia sp.), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [2, 3]. Many empirically developed vaccines, based on inactivated bacterial pathogens, have proven to be very efficacious in fish. Large fish such as salmon are currently vaccinated individually by injection of inactivated bacteria or viruses generally with an oily adjuvant [4]. However, this is not a suitable method for the vaccination of smaller fish [4]. In this case, immersion vaccination of fry before transferring them to open fattening units is an efficient and economic practice.
Sunil Thomas (ed.), Vaccine Design: Methods and Protocols, Volume 2: Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1404, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_14, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
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Joachim Frey et al.
Aeromonas species are gram-negative, water-borne bacteria that cause a variety of diseases in different fish species. In farmed fish, they cause significant morbidity and mortality, leading to substantial economic losses. In salmonid fish, non-motile Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is recognized as a major pathogen of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) [5]. In contrast, various motile Aeromonas species are often involved in disease of pond fish where they cause infectious aeromonad septicemia, also known as bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia or red spot disease [6]. Among the motile aeromonads, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae are most commonly associated with diseased fish [7]. As the variety of species, subspecies and subtypes of these pathogens is large [8], farm-specific vaccines are often required and have been shown to give a good protection. High mortality rates of perch (Perca fluviatilis L), raised
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