Design Specifications for Diaphragm Wall: State of the Art
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TECHNICAL NOTE
Design Specifications for Diaphragm Wall: State of the Art Anu James1 • Babu Kurian1
Received: 14 October 2018 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 Ó Indian Geotechnical Society 2020
Abstract Recent upsurge in infrastructural development and expansion in urban area necessitates productive utilisation of underground space. To address this, it is appropriate to adopt diaphragm wall retaining structures. The design and construction of diaphragm walls require greater care and expertise. Unsatisfactory implementation of such structures will adversely affect the performance and costeffectiveness of entire project. Not many standards are available at present that regulate the specific requirements of diaphragm walls. The existing standards refer to structural codes for reinforcement calculations. Hence, comparison of these standards and comprehensive study on the specifications applicable to diaphragm walls are necessary. In this research, different structural design codes are evaluated for their applications specific for diaphragm walls. The standards considered for the analysis and design of diaphragm walls include EN 1997-1, AS 4678, BS 8002, BS 8004, Canadian foundation engineering manual, IS 9556, ACI 318, AS 3600, BS 8110, BS EN 1538, CSA A23.3, EN 1992-1-1 and IS 456. These codes differ on design equations, safety factors, reinforcement ratios, moment capacity, etc., resulting in varied design loads and reinforcements. Comparisons and discussions are made based on calculated reinforcements to conclude that even though the concepts and methodologies are similar, there are major variations in design outcome. As both structural and geotechnical considerations are to be met for deep embedded structures, specifications more than those provided in structural codes should be counted. Based on the & Anu James [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Ernakulam, Kerala 686666, India
research, it is recommended to develop specific analysis and design procedures considering all the requirements of diaphragm walls. Keywords Deep excavation Embedded structures Diaphragm wall Codes of practice Safety coefficients
Introduction Reinforced concrete diaphragm walls are deep embedded retaining walls constructed using slurry trench techniques. In the modern-day world, there is an urgent demand for development and expansion of infrastructures. Diaphragm walls are the appropriate solution for this, especially in urban areas. Such retaining structures can be effectively used for underground constructions with close proximity of buildings or other structures. Construction of diaphragm wall panels and the subsequent excavation procedures are of great importance since any minor defect may result in huge casualties. The design and construction of diaphragm walls require greater care and expertise from geotechnical and structural engineers. Not many national standards are available that directly govern the analysis and design of diaphragm walls. Importance must be giv
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