Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in Taiwan
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Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in Taiwan Chia‑Chun Chang1 · Ching‑Wei Wu1,2 · Yu‑Chih Chang1 · Ching‑Ying Wu1 · Maw‑Sheng Chien3 · Chienjin Huang1 Received: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging porcine circovirus that infects pig populations worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of PCV3 in Taiwan and analyzed the phylogenetic relationships between the Taiwanese PCV3 strains and those from other countries. A total of 463 clinical specimens from sick pigs were collected in 2016–2019 and analyzed for PCV3 by PCR. The positivity rate for PCV3 was 10.6% in 2016, increasing markedly to 34.78% in 2019. A phylogenetic analysis based on full-length genomic sequences of PCV3 divided the PCV3 strains into three clades, with the Taiwanese strains in clade 1. The porcine circoviruses (PCVs) have a circular singlestranded DNA genome, and belong to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. The viral genome contains two major open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the replication-associated protein (Rep), and ORF2 encodes the capsid protein (Cap), which is the only structural protein encoded by PCVs [1]. Two genotypes of PCV, porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), have been well characterized, and only PCV2 is pathogenic to pigs. PCV2 is considered to be the main pathogen of PCVassociated disease (PCVAD), which includes post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), pneumonia, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and Handling Editor: Jesús Navas-Castillo. * Maw‑Sheng Chien [email protected] * Chienjin Huang [email protected] 1
Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
2
Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
3
Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
reproductive failure causing significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. However, the etiological role of PCV2 in PDNS has not been demonstrated [2]. In 2015, a novel PCV was identified in sows with cardiac and multisystemic inflammation of undetermined etiology [3, 4]. This newly emerging virus has a 2-kb single-stranded circular DNA genome and contains two major open reading frames sharing only 26% amino acid sequence identity with PCV2 in its Cap protein and 48% in its Rep protein. The virus possesses the canonical nonanucleotide motif ‘NANTATTAC ’ marking the origin of replication (ori) in the genome of members of the family Circoviridae [5]. Based on the location of the ori relative to the coding regions and the length of th
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