Determination of cadmium in lichens by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF-AAS)
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Determination of cadmium in lichens by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF-AAS) Pavel Coufalík Josef Komárek
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Antonín Uher & Ondřej Zvěřina &
Received: 11 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The determination of trace metal contents directly from a solid sample is a trend in modern atomic spectrometry. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the routine determination of Cd in lichens using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF-AAS). For the determination of Cd, the temperature program of the graphite furnace was optimized using a mixed matrix modifier (Pd + Mg (NO3)2 + Triton X-100). The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.9 μg/kg and 3 μg/kg, respectively. The analytical method for Cd determination in the plant matrix was verified by the analysis of certified reference materials of lichens, seaweed, and rye grass. The developed procedure was applied to the study of Cd distribution in thalli of Usnea antarctica lichen from James Ross Island, Antarctica. The SS-GF-AAS analytical method is particularly suited for use in environmental studies and plant physiology (the microanalysis of anatomical structures). Keywords Cadmium . Lichen . Solid sampling . AAS P. Coufalík (*) Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] A. Uher : J. Komárek Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic O. Zvěřina Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
Introduction The determination of metals by the direct analysis of the solid matrix (without sample decomposition) is crucial in (i) the ultra-trace analysis, (ii) the analysis of microsamples, and (iii) the study of the distribution of elements and the homogeneity of the material. The graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), electrothermal vaporization – inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ETVICP-OES), and electrothermal vaporization – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) are among the advanced techniques commonly used for such purposes (Belarra et al. 2002; Resano et al. 2008). The advantages of solid state analysis include the elimination of the requirement for sample dilution and the avoidance of problems connected with decomposition processes – specifically potential contaminations, incomplete dissolution of the sample, or the loss of analytes. However, the accuracy of analysis from the solid matrix depends mainly on the homogeneity of the sample and is usually lower than for solution analysis (Belarra et al. 2002; Resano et al. 2014). For the aforementioned analytical techniques, similar weights of sample are used for analysis (most preferably 0.5– 2 mg); thus, the treatment of material for solid sampling is mainly based on precise homogenization
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