Determination of Chromosome Number and Genetic Diversity using SSR and RAPD Markers in Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
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RESEARCH PAPER
Determination of Chromosome Number and Genetic Diversity using SSR and RAPD Markers in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Saeid Daghighi1
•
Zohreh Alizadeh2 • Homa Habibi3
Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 Ó Shiraz University 2020
Abstract The jujube is very important in Iran’s horticultural sector, and its value-added is very high for per cubic meter of water consumed. The chromosome number and genetic diversity of 25 jujube trees from different regions of South Khorasan Province were assessed using 24 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 16 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The polymorphism percentage was 100% and 67.59% with SSR and RAPD, respectively. The Shannon’s information index (I), Nei’s gene diversity (H), and effective allele (Ae) were higher for SSR (1.44, 0.72 and 4.21, respectively) than for RAPD (0.46, 0.30 and 1.49, respectively). A high level of genetic differentiation and low level of gene flow were detected by SSR (Fst = 0.29, Nm = 0.61) and RAPD (Gst = 0.47, Nm = 0.85). SSR identified 26 genotype-specific alleles, while RAPD identified 3 unique bands. In SSR markers, the mean observed heterozygosity (0.67) was higher than mean expected heterozygosity (0.51), and the mean inbreeding coefficient was negative (- 0.33), which indicated heterozygosity excess in the investigated samples. The cluster analysis classified the samples into 3, 5, and 3 groups based on SSR, RAPD, and SSR ? RAPD, respectively. Although some of the examined samples were suckers from the same genotypes, they were distinguished by both markers, revealing a somatic mutation occurrence among them. In general, SSR had a better ability than RAPD to accommodate the suckers belonging to the same genotypes in the same groups. The chromosome number in all samples was diploid. Keywords Cytogenetic Genetic relationship Microsatellite Molecular marker RAPD Somatic mutation
1 Introduction The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a species of economic importance of the Rhamnaceae family (Liu et al. 2014) which is usually grown in temperate and subtropical regions (Xu et al. 2016). This tree is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world, whose cultivation history dates back to 7000 years ago in China; it has been introduced to at least 47 countries of 5 continents (Liu et al. 2014) including Iran. Most jujube cultivars produce fruit
& Saeid Daghighi [email protected] 1
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3
Horticultural Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
through self-pollination, but seeds are usually not viable in the method (Reich 1991). Also, the majority of them produce few seeds due to self-incompatibility (gametophytic self-incompatibility type) or cross-incompatibility (Huang et al. 2016). That’s why, jujube cultivars are often propagated
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