Development and cross-amplification of thirty microsatellite loci in five diploid and polyploid Central Asian species of
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TECHNICAL NOTE
Development and cross-amplification of thirty microsatellite loci in five diploid and polyploid Central Asian species of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) Caroline Betto-Colliard • Roberto Sermier Nicolas Perrin • Matthias Sto¨ck
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Received: 29 August 2012 / Accepted: 22 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012
Abstract We report 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers for five species of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup): 23 in the diploid B. latastii, 19 in diploid B. turanensis, 20 in diploid B. shaartusiensis, 27 in tetraploid B. pewzowi, and 30 in triploid B. baturae. Genetic diversity at these loci, measured for 10–18 individuals per species, ranged from 2 to 19 alleles. These microsatellite loci will be useful for conservation plans (genetic diversity, population structure, evolutionary units), inheritance patterns, and evolution of green toads. Keywords Bufo viridis subgroup Microsatellite markers Polyploidy Hybrid speciation
Natural polyploids occur relatively frequently in coldblooded vertebrates, especially in anuran amphibians (Kawamura 1984; Mable et al. 2011), with 50 polyploid frog taxa described, ‘‘including 7 triploids, 30 tetraploids, 11 octoploids, and two dodecaploids, derived from 15 anuran families and 20 genera’’ (Evans et al. 2012). The Bufo viridis subgroup represents a unique system since it comprises diploid, triploid and tetraploid bisexually reproducing taxa (Sto¨ck et al. 2002). The evolution of
C. Betto-Colliard R. Sermier N. Perrin Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland M. Sto¨ck (&) Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Mu¨ggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
polyploidy, especially the fate of sex chromosomes, deserves further investigation (Mable 2004; Evans et al. 2012) The B. viridis subgroup comprises at least 12 mitochondrial haplotype groups. Several lineages show range overlap and interactions through hybridization (Sto¨ck et al. 2006; Colliard et al. 2010). Green toads are among the few amphibians, which inhabit the deserts and high mountains of Central Asia and genetic tools will help to define conservation units in this region (e.g. Bufo baturae, Bufo latastii in Pakistan, Ficetola et al. 2011). Several species appear in regional Red Lists (e.g. Bufo pewzowi for Kazakhstan) but their current status has not been evaluated in the most recent IUCN assessment, mostly because of insufficient data. We developed cross-amplifying microsatellite markers for five Central Asian green toads of different ploidy levels: the three diploid species B. latastii (Eastern Kashmir and Ladakh), Bufo turanensis (lowlands of Central Asia from Eastern Iran to Kazahkstan), and Bufo shaartusiensis (southern Tajikistan); the allo-triploid B. baturae (Karakoram and Hindukush), and the allotetraploid B. pewzowi (eastern Central Asia from Uzbekistan to western Mongolia). Although several mi
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