Effect of boric acid on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin filaments as precursors for carbon fibres
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Effect of boric acid on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin filaments as precursors for carbon fibres Nguyen-Duc Le . Mikaela Trogen . Russell J. Varley Nolene Byrne
. Michael Hummel .
Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The increasing demand for a low-cost and renewable carbon fibre precursor has driven the focus on bio-based precursors. Cellulose-lignin composite fibres are a new approach toward this direction. The combination of cellulose and lignin into a composite fibre could solve some of the current limitations for pure cellulose and lignin fibres. This study investigated the treatment of the composite fibres with boric acid with focus on carbon yield, stabilisation rate and fibre fusion, which is a typical defect in carbon fibre production. The influence of boric acid on the mechanism of stabilisation was studied. The stabilisation time was reduced by 25% through treatment with the reduction of fibre fusion, while the carbon yield increased significantly in comparison to the untreated fibres. Keywords Biopolymer Low-cost carbon fibres Cellulose-lignin composite fibres Boric acid Fibre fusion
N.-D. Le R. J. Varley (&) N. Byrne Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia e-mail: [email protected] M. Trogen M. Hummel Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Introduction The boom in the electric mobility and wind energy industries has greatly increased the demand for carbon fibre primarily because of its inherent lightweight and high strength properties. Its high cost, however, continues to inhibit wider usage driving research into the development of new low-cost carbon fibre (Downing 2013; Frank et al. 2014; Choi et al. 2019). The production of carbon fibre is a multi-step process starting with the initial spinning of a precursor or ‘‘white’’ fibre, its oxidation or stabilisation, through to carbonisation to produce carbon or ‘‘black’’ fibre. The precursor accounts for about 50% of the production cost, which has focused a lot of research on the use of alternative precursors to polyacrylonitrile (PAN), the most common precursor of all and industry standard, to further reduce cost (Morgan 2005; Frank et al. 2014). Some proposed alternative precursors include polyethylene (Choi et al. 2019), cellulose (Byrne et al. 2016) and lignin (Baker 2010; Ogale et al. 2016), with the latter two gaining the most attention because of their potential low cost and sustainability, being obtained from renewable resources. Unfortunately, cellulose and lignin individually have several disadvantages that to date has prevented them from fulfilling much of their potential. Cellulose-based carbon fibres, despite being the first synthetic man made carbon fibre (Morgan 2005; Frank et al. 2014), has a low carbon yield while lignin based carbon fibres require a very long stabilisation time (Morgan 2005;
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