Effect of metal oxide fillers in urethane dimethacrylate polymer with glycerol obtained by photopolymerization synthesis
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of metal oxide fillers in urethane dimethacrylate polymer with glycerol obtained by photopolymerization synthesis Ana Beatriz Benites1 · Rafael T. Alarcon1 · Caroline Gaglieri1 · Katie J. Lamb2 · Gilbert Bannach1 Received: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 / Published online: 28 September 2020 © The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
Abstract Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) is a monomer widely used in photopolymerization reactions to produce biomaterials, due to its advantageous properties such as mechanical resistance and relatively low viscosity. However, this monomer is expensive. Reducing the quantity of UDMA monomer required to obtain the final polymer, without losing its main properties, is essential not just in terms of costs but also green chemistry principles. It has been demonstrated that glycerol inclusion into the polymeric matrix during polymerization is one way to achieve this goal. Thus, this work proposes the insertion of glycerol and metal oxide fillers ( Al2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5, La2O3 and Z rO2) in the photopolymerization of urethane dimethacrylate, with the aim to study how these effects the degree of conversion, as well as the thermal properties of the final polymer. The thermal properties were evaluated using simultaneous thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degree of conversion/rate of polymerization was calculated using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR). The polymers filled with Al2O3, TiO2, Nb2O5 and L a2O3 exhibited good conversion values of 87.42, 78.47, 77.64 and 75.51%, respectively. For all polymers synthesized, no significant changes were observed in their thermal stability. Lastly, it is suggested that the incorporation of the oxides in the monomeric mixture correlate to the degree of conversion, with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis suggesting oxide dispersion interferes with the morphology of the polymer. Keywords Photopolymerization · Degree of conversion · Metal oxides fillers · Urethane dimethacrylate · Glycerol
Introduction The urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) monomer is often used in polymeric matrices and composites for biomaterial production, especially in dental restoration resins [1–4]. Urethane dimethacrylate derived polymers present high mechanical resistance, relatively low viscosity, low water absorption and are highly crosslinkable [2, 5–7]. In addition, the UDMA monomer can be readily photopolymerized using ultra-violet or visible light by the two-component (Type II) method, in which a photoinitiator molecule is excited at a specific wavelength. Consequently, the excited molecule reaches a different electronic (triplet) state and interacts with * Gilbert Bannach [email protected] 1
School of Science, Department of Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo 17033‑260, Brazil
Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, UK
2
the co-initiator, resulting in
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