Efficacy of chemical and biological agents against pepper blight ( Phytophthora capsici Leonion) in East Asia: a meta-an
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Efficacy of chemical and biological agents against pepper blight (Phytophthora capsici Leonion) in East Asia: a meta-analysis of laboratory and field trial data Justin Siu Hung Wan 1,2
&
Edward C. Y. Liew 2
Received: 13 March 2019 / Accepted: 1 February 2020 # Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2020
Abstract Pepper blight caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian is one of the most economically important plant diseases worldwide. In East Asia, pepper blight is a serious disease that is capable of decimating entire chili crops resulting in high economic losses. Management strategies undertaken to control the disease include the use of chemical and biological agents alongside soil fumigation and improved cultural practices. In recent years, biological agents are considered to be preferable to the use of chemicals due to the lower risk of resistance evolution and harm to the environment. Using meta-analysis, we synthesised the literature on the efficacy of different types of controls on pepper blight in East Asia. The studies were almost all conducted in Korea and China. We found that phenylamides (FRAC group 4), Xenorhabdus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and plant extracts were generally more effective against the pathogen in pepper; while soil amendments, Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., unidentified antagonists, and carboxylic acid amides (FRAC group 11) tend to be less effective. Overall, chemical agents were 50% more effective than biological agents. However, the benefits of using biological agents may outweigh the reduction in efficacy, particularly if used as a part of mixed treatments. Interestingly, control agents were 58% more effective on the disease in Korea compared to China, highlighting potential differences among pathogen genotypes or the resistance of cultivars to disease. Avenues for future research on biological forms of control and novel control strategies for plant pathogens are discussed. Keywords Biocontrol agents . Chili blight . Capsicum annuum . Disease management . Phytophthora blight . Sweet pepper
Introduction The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici Leonian causes significant losses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L.) in East Asia, particularly in China and Korea, where pepper is an important part of agricultural production (Hwang and Kim 1995). The disease caused by Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00519-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Justin Siu Hung Wan [email protected] 1
Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
2
The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
P. capsici on pepper is commonly known as pepper blight or pepper wilt (not to be confused with the disease of black pepper, Piper nigrum, caused by the same pathogen). P. capsici was first reported in New Mexico
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