Engineering Natural-Based Photocrosslinkable Hydrogels for Cartilage Applications
Articular tissue is an avascular tissue at the ends of articulating joints which provides lubrication and transmission of compressive forces during movement. The tissue has poor regenerative capacity and low cellular metabolic activity thus disease or tra
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Engineering Natural-Based Photocrosslinkable Hydrogels for Cartilage Applications Hussein Mishbak, Cian Vyas, Glen Cooper, Chris Peach, Rúben F. Pereira, and Paulo Jorge Bártolo
7.1 Introduction The desire to regenerate and replace damaged or dysfunctional human tissues to improve quality of life is as old as human history. This aspiration has been expressed in numerous cultures throughout history such as the myth of Prometheus with his eternally regenerating liver and Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ in which the scientist created new life from the rejuvenation of dead tissue. This human fascination to regenerate the body has in recent decades developed into the rapidly expanding scientific field of tissue engineering (TE). TE holds the promise to offer a paradigm H. Mishbak Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] C. Vyas · G. Cooper · P. J. Bártolo (*) Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Peach Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] R. F. Pereira i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 P. J. Bártolo, B. Bidanda (eds.), Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35876-1_7
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shift in clinical treatment and understanding of a host of disease states. This shift will enable a science fiction like prospect of infinite replacement human body parts which will have tremendous positive impact on human health. The concept of TE has developed into the currently accepted definition put forward by Langer and Vacanti in 1993 that states: “Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.” [1].
Due to an ageing population worldwide and increasing numbers of age-related and lifestyle linked diseases such as osteoarthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the importance of TE is enormous. TE will enable the development of superior clinical treatments to the benefit of patients but also relieve the strain on healthcare systems. Furthermore, TE has applications beyond tissue regeneration and replacement such as the development of three-dimensional (3D) culture and tissue constructs that allow pharmaceutical testing, disease modelling, toxicology te
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