Flexible and optimized carbon paste electrodes for direct electron transfer-based glucose biofuel cell fed by various ph
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Flexible and optimized carbon paste electrodes for direct electron transfer‑based glucose biofuel cell fed by various physiological fluids U. S. Jayapiriya1 · Sanket Goel1 Received: 10 July 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Development of bioelectrodes with multiple virtues, such as biocompatibility, flexibility, versatility and cost-effectiveness, remains a huge area of research for multiple applications. Here, we delve upon fabricating carbon electrodes using a desktop PCB printer in a cost-and-time efficient manner (less than 2 min). Such printed carbon paste electrodes have been incorporated to develop an enzyme-based glucose biofuel cell to power various low-power biomedical devices and for biosensing. The bioelectrodes were prepared by electrodepositing gold nanorods followed by the immobilization of suitable enzymes. These bioelectrodes were tested for their electrochemical behavior and was setup as a Direct Electron Transfer (DET)-based enzymatic biofuel to be amenable for various physiological fluids, like tears, human saliva, whole blood and blood serum, due to its biocompatibility and efficiency. It delivered maximum energy of 3.18 µW/cm2 and 8.8 µW/cm2 from tears and human serum, respectively. These fabricated electrodes have huge potential to be incorporated in miniaturized devices as a renewable energy source for implantable and self-powered bioelectronics. Keywords Enzymatic biofuel cell · Carbon paste · Gold nanorods · Electrodeposition · Physiological fluids
Introduction For the past two decades, the necessity to develop green and sustainable energy resources has been increasing tremendously (Rasmussen et al. 2016). In addition, there has been an exponential growth in the usage of miniaturized implantable devices, which urges to develop environmentally friendly, sustainable, biocompatible and inexpensive power sources (Rewatkar et al. 2019; Rao et al. 2020). Among many available technologies, the realization of biofuel cells (BFC) as an alternative seems promising because of its attractive features such as lightweight, miniaturized form-factor, amenable to employ renewable energy sources (eg., Sugar, alcohol) (Davis and Higson 2007). The idea of scalability and biocompatibility are essential parameters for the application in implantable biomedical microdevices,
* Sanket Goel [email protected]‑pilani.ac.in 1
MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
where small power supply is required for a more extended period (Sharma et al. 2020). BFCs can be categorized based on their utilization of biocatalysts such as enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) based on enzymes, whereas microbial biofuel cell (MBFC) produces energy by bacteriological organisms (Kashyap et al. 2015). From literature, the high enzyme selective reactions provided by EBFC along with other advantages
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