Graphene oxide-wrapped sulfur/acetylene black for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Graphene oxide-wrapped sulfur/acetylene black for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries Youlan Zou 1,2 & Bo Long 1 & Zhaoyang Li 1 & Xiaoyu Li 1 & Zhehao Zhang 1 Received: 15 August 2019 / Revised: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 31 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract GO@S/C composite with a multilayered sandwich structure was prepared by a moderate sol-gel method, which was based on porous acetylene black (C) loading sulfur and insertion into multilayered graphene oxide (GO). When evaluated as a cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), it shows an improved capacity of 1433 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 433 mAh/g at 5 C with almost 100% coulombic efficiency for comparison with pure sulfur electrode. It also effectively hinders the expansion of sulfur, the dissolution of polysulfides, and the shuttle effect due to the adsorption and local confinement of polysulfide by porous C and GO. Keywords Lithium-sulfur battery . Graphene oxide . Multilayered sandwich structure . Rate stability
Introduction Lithium second batteries with high energy density are highly desired to meet the increasing demands of advanced energy storage and conversion system [1, 2]. Accordingly, LSBs have attracted great attention since it is unquestionable that sulfur is one of the most promising cathode materials for rechargeable batteries with remarkable advantages such as high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh/g), high energy density (2600 Wh/kg), low cost, adequate reserves, and environmental friendliness [3–5]. However, insulating nature of sulfur [6, 7], large volume expansion of sulfur lithiation [8], and dissolution and shuttling of polysulfides [9, 10] have long been acknowledged as primary barriers for the commercialization of sulfur-based cathode. To mitigate these issues, extensive research efforts have been devoted to improve the conductivity of sulfur, stabilize the architecture of sulfur-based cathode, and suppress the dissolution of polysulfide, including introducing high conductive matrix, using functionalized interlayers, and constructing new electrode structures [11–14]. For example, small sulfur * Youlan Zou [email protected] 1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
2
Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
molecules have been obtained and composite with a MOFderived microporous carbon shell. This material shows high conductivity, super high capacity, and superior cyclic stability [15]. Multilayered sandwich MoS2/CS architecture has recently been reported that can prevent restacking and improve ion/ electron transportation [16]. However, the synthesis of small sulfur molecules and multilayered sandwich architecture usually cost much and require elaborate procedures, such as melting and repeated liquid infusion. Therefore, recent researches focus on developing porous graphitic carbon [17] (e.g., carbon nanotube [18], graphene [19,
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