Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection for the Determinatio
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Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Amitraz in Honey and Water Samples Yadollah Yamini & Mohammad Faraji & Mahnaz Ghambarian
Received: 2 April 2014 / Accepted: 30 July 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract This paper reports a two-phase hollow fiberprotected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as a simple, fast, low-cost, and sensitive method for the determination of amitraz in honey and water samples. The effect of factors effective on the extraction efficiency of amitraz was studied and optimized. The effect of type of extracting solvent was optimized by the one-variable-at-a-time method. The effect of other factors was optimized using the Taguchi method (an orthogonal array design (OAD)) with OA16 (44) matrix. The optimal conditions for HF-LPME procedure were found as 1undecanol as the extracting solvent, sample pH of 6.0 (adjusted with 0.01 mol/L sodium acetate), stirring rate of 1,000 rpm, and extraction time of 45 min without the addition of NaCl. The figures of merit of the method were evaluated in honey and water matrices. In water matrix, the method was linear in the range of 5–2,500 μg/L with a coefficient of determination (r2) corresponding to 0.9996 and relative standard deviation (RSD%) lower than 11 %. Also, in honey samples, a calibration curve was linear in the range of 20–1,000 μg/L with RSD% of 13.8 % and r2 >0.9901. The enrichment factors were 170 and 75, and the limits of detection (LODs) based on S/N=3 were 3 and 10 μg/L in water and honey samples, respectively. Finally, applicability of the proposed method Y. Yamini (*) Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected] M. Faraji Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Technology, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj P.O. Box 31745-139, Iran M. Ghambarian Iranian Research and Development Center for Chemical Industries, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
was evaluated by extraction and determination of amitraz in some honey and water samples and good recoveries (>90 %) were obtained. Keywords Amitraz . Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction . Honey . Orthogonal array design . Water sample
Introduction Amitraz, a formamide pesticide, is an acaricide which has excellent miticidal activity and is widely used to control the infections produced by mite Varroa jacobsoni in beehives. Amitraz is developed for use on deciduous fruit and citrus mites. It is also used as an alternative to coumaphos, an organophosphate, for tick eradication on animals. Amitraz and its hydrolysis product 2,4-dimethyl aniline (DMA) are known to be toxic (Jones 1990; Aziz and Knowles 1973). According to the European Agency for Evaluation of Medical Products (European Commission 1990), the maximum residue limit (MRL) for amitraz and all its metabolites containing DMA in honey is 200 μg/kg (Annex I of Council Regulat
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