In situ formed zinc oxide/graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid for the electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol
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ORIGINAL PAPER
In situ formed zinc oxide/graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid for the electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol Kizhepat Shamsa 1 & Peter Selvaraj Mary Rajaitha 1 & Selvaraj Vinoth 1,2 & Chinnan Murugan 1,2 & Perumal Rameshkumar 3 & Alagarsamy Pandikumar 1,2 Received: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol using a nanohybrid consisting of glassy carbon (GC) and zinc oxide/graphitic carbon nitride (ZnO/g-CN nanosheet), is described. The ZnO/g-CN nanohybrid was in situ synthesized by chemical method and well characterized using absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopic analysis. It was observed that the nanosized ZnO particles were present inside the sheet-like g-CN nanostructure. The nanohybrid-modified electrode showed an enhanced electrocatalytic response for 4-nitrophenol reduction compared with the bare GC electrode. The assay exhibited linear ranges of 13.4–100 μM and 100–1000 μM for 4-NP determination. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 4.0 and 13.4 μM, respectively, at the working potential of − 0.85 V. An appreciable precision was found towards the stability of the assay in the determination. It provides selectivity against inorganic and organic substances such as calcium chloride, potassium chloride, nitrobenzene, uric acid, 1-chloro,2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1-bromo,2-nitrobenzene and 1-iodo,2-nitrobenzene. The practical applicability of the assay was also checked in the analysis of real water samples and satisfactory recovery of 4-NP was found. Keywords 2D materials . Metal oxide nanostructures . Electrochemical assay . Modified electrode . Nitroaromatics . Graphitic carbon nitride . Zinc oxide . Nanohybrid . Electrochemical sensor . 4-Nitrophenol
Introduction Kizhepat Shamsa and Peter Selvaraj Mary Rajaitha contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04525-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Perumal Rameshkumar [email protected] * Alagarsamy Pandikumar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Electro Organic and Materials Electrochemistry (EME) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
2
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
3
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu 626 126, India
Nitroaromatic compounds are toxic compounds which are released to the environment due to the man-made activities [1–4]. Among these, nitrophenols are extensively utilized in the production of pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals. 4Nitrophenol (4-NP), in particular, is considered as one of the toxic nitrophenols of great importance due to its high chemical stabil
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