Electrochemical determination of the antipsychotic medication clozapine by a carbon paste electrode modified with a nano
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Electrochemical determination of the antipsychotic medication clozapine by a carbon paste electrode modified with a nanostructure prepared from titania nanoparticles and copper oxide Mohammad Hossein Ghanbari 1,2,3 & Faezeh Shahdost-Fard 4,5 & Mojtaba Rostami 6 & Alireza Khoshroo 7 & Ali Sobhani-Nasab 8,9 & Nazila Gholipour 1,2 & Hamid Salehzadeh 3 & Mohammad Reza Ganjali 10,11 & Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi 1,2 & Farhad Ahmadi 12,13 Received: 25 February 2019 / Accepted: 14 August 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract A nanostructure was prepared from titania nanoparticles and copper oxide (TiO2NP@CuO) and used to modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The modified CPE is shown to enable sensitive voltammetric determination of the drug clozapine (CLZ). The sensor was characterized by various techniques and some key parameters were optimized. Under the optimum conditions and at a working potential of 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the modified CPE has two linear response ranges, one from 30 pmol L−1 to 4 nmol L−1 of CLZ, the other from 4 nmol L−1 to 10 μmol L−1. The detection limit is as low as 9 pM. The transfer coefficient (α) and catalytic rate constant (kcat) were calculated and the reliability of the sensor was estimated for CLZ sensing in real samples where it gave satisfactory results. Keywords Titania nanoparticles . Copper oxide . Electrode modification . Electrochemical sensor . Nanomaterial
Introduction Clozapine (CLZ), C18H19ClN4, as a typical antipsychotic drug is one of the most promising drugs in the treatment of refrac-
tory schizophrenia, controlling violent behaviors and risks of suicidal behavior or similar disorders [1, 2]. The studies show about 30–60% of all patients who are treatment-resistant schizophrenia may respond to this drug. In spite of the wide-
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3760-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi [email protected] * Farhad Ahmadi [email protected] 1
Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19516-83759, Iran
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Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67346-67149, Iran
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Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 87196-57891, Iran
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Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 87196-57891, Iran
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Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
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Biosensor Research Centre, Endocrinology & Metabolism Molecular and Cellular Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
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Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19516-83759, Iran
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Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
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Department of Che
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