In Vitro Evaluation of the Protective Role of Lactobacillus StrainsAgainst Inorganic Arsenic Toxicity
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In Vitro Evaluation of the Protective Role of Lactobacillus StrainsAgainst Inorganic Arsenic Toxicity Gabriela de Matuoka e Chiocchetti 1 & Vicente Monedero 1 & Manuel Zúñiga 1 & Dinoraz Vélez 1 & Vicenta Devesa 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Inorganic arsenic [iAs, As(III) + As(V)] is considered a human carcinogen. Recent studies show that it has also toxic effects on the intestinal epithelium which might partly explain its systemic toxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against the toxic effects of iAs on the intestinal epithelium. For this purpose, the human colonic cells Caco-2 were exposed to As(III) in the presence of various LAB strains or their conditioned medium. Results showed that some strains and their conditioned media partially revert the oxidative stress, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the alterations of the distribution of tight junction proteins, and the cell permeability increases caused by As(III). These results show that both soluble factors secreted or resulting from LAB metabolism and cell-cell interactions are possibly involved in the beneficial effects. Therefore, some LAB strains have potential as protective agents against iAs intestinal barrier disruption. Keywords Inorganic arsenic . Intestinal epithelium . Inflammation . Oxidative stress . Barrier disruption . Lactobacillus
Introduction Drinking water or contaminated foodstuffs are the main sources of dietary arsenic (As) which can be found in different chemical forms with varying degrees of toxicity. Among them, inorganic As [As(III) + As(V)] species are the most toxic. The highest concentrations of inorganic As in foodstuffs are found in seaweeds, some bivalves, and rice. For instance, concentrations higher than 100 mg/kg dry weight have been reported in the brown seaweed Hizikia fusiforme [1]. Contamination of drinking water by As (up to 1 mg/L) is an endemic problem in some countries [2, 3] with levels exceeding the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (0.01 mg/L) [4]. Inorganic As is listed as a human carcinogen [5], and is also associated with other types of pathologies, such as skin lesions, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and neurobehavioral disorders in children [6]. Gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, and chronic diarrhea have been reported in populations chronically exposed to inorganic As [7–9]. Intestinal toxicity * Vicenta Devesa [email protected] 1
Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Paterna, Spain
associated with As exposure has also been observed in animal models. Rhesus monkeys exposed to As(III) (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 12 months presented acute inflammation of the small intestine and hemorrhage [10]. Animals exposed subchronically (2 months) to As(III) (50 mg/L) through drinking water also present an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the large intest
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