Inoculation of Rhizobium Alleviates Salinity Stress Through Modulation of Growth Characteristics, Physiological and Bioc
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Inoculation of Rhizobium Alleviates Salinity Stress Through Modulation of Growth Characteristics, Physiological and Biochemical Attributes, Stomatal Activities and Antioxidant Defence in Cicer arietinum L. Zeenat Mushtaq1 · Shahla Faizan1 · Basit Gulzar2 · Khalid Rehman Hakeem3 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rhizobium is a plant growth-promoting bacteria, generally involved in nitrogen fixation and promotes growth in plants under abiotic-stressed conditions such as salinity. The present study investigates the significance of Rhizobium application in alleviation of salt stress in chickpea by increasing cell viability, stomatal movement, photosynthetic pigment and protein content, nitrate reductase, carbonic anhydrase as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Healthy and viable seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium before sowing. Salt treatment was given in terms of NaCl (50 or 150 mM) to the plants through soil at 20 days after sowing. High NaCl level (150 mM) reduced the growth attributes, pigment as well as soluble protein content, altered stomatal behaviour, reduced cell viability and enhanced the formation of superoxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species in foliage. Moreover, Rhizobium inoculation improved the mineral uptake, reduced electrolyte leakage which directly influences photosynthesis and improved yield attributes in the salt-treated chickpea plants. Therefore, Rhizobium could be applied to chickpea plants for efficient growth under salt stress. Keywords Salt stress, Rhizobium · Cell viability · Reactive oxygen species · Chickpea · Antioxidants Abbreviations PGPB Plant growth-promoting bacteria ACC Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate DDA Double distilled water IARI Indian agriculture research institute CA Carbonic anhydrase NR Nitrate reductase TCA Trichloroacetic acid TBA Thiobarbituric acid EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Handling Editor: Parvaiz Ahmad. * Khalid Rehman Hakeem [email protected] 1
Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
2
Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
3
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
PMSF Phenylmethanesulfonylflouride SOD Superoxide dismutase POD Peroxidase CAT Catalase NBT Nitro-blue tetrazolium OD Optical density SEM Scanning electron microscope ANOVA Analysis of variance SPSS Statistical package for the social sciences MDA Malondialdehyde DAS Days after sowing EL Electrolyte leakage ABA Abscisic acid
Introduction Soil salinisation is considered as the main agro-ecosystem problem globally. A large number of soluble salts, for example, sodium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, carbonate ions, sulphates and potassium, are present in soil, and such soil is supposed as saline soils. At adequate amoun
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