Is opium use associated with an increased risk of lung cancer? A case-control study
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Is opium use associated with an increased risk of lung cancer? A case-control study Ahmad Naghibzadeh-Tahami1†, Maryam Marzban2†, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi3, Shahryar Dabiri4, Shokrollah Mohseni5, Reza Abbasi Rayeni6, Mitra Samareh Fekri7, Mohammad Hasan Larizadeh8, Behnaz Karimpour9 and Narges Khanjani10,11,12*
Abstract Background: In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&D and LC incidence. Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats. Results: Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95% CI: 1.87–18.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR low users = 3.81% CI: 1.13–12.77 and OR high users = 9.36, 95% CI: 2.05–42.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&D at younger ages (≤ 41 years old vs never users AOR = 8.64, 95% CI: 1.90–39.18) compared to those who started at an older age (> 41 years old vs never users, AOR = 4.71, 95% CI: 1.38–16.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64). Conclusion: The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer. Keywords: Opioids, Risk factor, Lung neoplasm, Case-control
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Ahmad Naghibzadeh-Tahami and Maryam Marzban contributed equally as first author to this work. 10 Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 11 Monash Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to t
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