Magnesium in Human Health and Disease
Magnesium is an essential mineral which is required for growth and survival of humans. Since magnesium is a mineral and not synthesizable it must be obtained through dietary foods and/or supplements. Magnesium in Human Health and Disease reviews the benef
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Dietary Mg Intake and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction Simin Liu and Sara A. Chacko
Key Points • In the past decade, systemic inflammation has garnered increasing attention as a fundamental process underlying metabolic disorders such as T2D, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. • Although a growing body of experimental and observational research supports the link between dietary Mg intake and inflammatory processes, few high-quality randomized studies have tested the clinical efficacy of Mg supplementation for the prevention of inflammation and related metabolic disorders. • Data from existing trials are too limited in scope to be conclusive and suggest the need for rigorous testing of Mg in diverse settings. • Oral Mg supplementation is a well-tolerated, safe intervention that could be easily implemented in high-risk populations. Testing effects of dietary Mg is also achievable, requiring addition or substitution of foods to achieve higher dietary Mg intakes. • Given the ease and practicality of Mg administration and potential for wide-ranging health benefits, future trials should test the potential impact of varying dosages of oral Mg supplementation and Mg from dietary sources on underlying chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction to explore potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention of metabolic disease in high-risk populations. Keywords Dietary magnesium • Inflammation • C-reactive protein • Endothelial dysfunction • Diabetes
S. Liu, M.D., Sc.D., M.P.H. (*) UCLA Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA e-mail: [email protected] S.A. Chacko, Ph.D., M.P.H. UCLA Department of Epidemiology, Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA e-mail: [email protected] R.R. Watson et al. (eds.), Magnesium in Human Health and Disease, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-044-1_2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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S. Liu and S.A. Chacko
Introduction Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral found abundantly in whole grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, and nuts that plays a central role in hundreds of physiological processes in the human body. According to national survey data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000, a large proportion of the US population consumes inadequate dietary Mg [1]. Given the fundamental role of Mg in diverse cellular reactions, this is not without consequence. Low dietary Mg intake has been linked to a range of adverse health outcomes including those related to metabolic and inflammatory processes such as hypertension [2, 3], type 2 diabetes (T2D) [4], and metabolic syndrome [2] in both experimental and observational settings. The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these relations are not well understood; however, a maturing body of evidence suggests that suboptimal dietary Mg intake status may affect metabolism and in
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