Material strategies for on-demand smart transient electronics
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Introduction Transient electronics that require materials, devices, or systems to disappear or degrade with little or unmeasurable residues over a period of stable operation1,2 exhibit great potential in biomedical engineering,3–12 data security,13 and disposable electronics.14,15 The integration of completely or partially vanishable materials, including inorganic or organic semiconductors, metals, and encapsulations/substrates, forms the fundamentals of transient electronics. However, the transience of most transient electronics derives from a spontaneous process such as chemical dissolution or physical disintegration;16–18 therefore, the operation time is solely dependent on the degradation rate of the integrated materials. More recently, numerous efforts have been pursued to develop on-demand smart transient electronics so that the transience process can be smartly controlled or triggered by appropriate choices of materials, or particular assemblies of devices, representing a significant step forward for the development of relevant materials science, fabrication technology, and their practical applications. Opportunities for this technology mainly lie in devices/systems with irreplaceable functionalities, such as in biomedical engineering, where functionalities of implanted transient electronics can be degraded or triggered in an ondemand smart manner, or data security, where stored information can be protected or destroyed once it is intercepted.
For this purpose, various types of stimuli such as UV light exposure,19,20 electrothermal treatments,21,22 thermal heating,23–26 and mechanical forces27 have been demonstrated to trigger on-demand smart transient electronics. In this article, we will review recent progress in on-demand smart transient electronics. Materials strategies for designing triggering stimuli, including thermal, optical, and electrical triggers are discussed, as well as potential applications. Representative trigger and disintegration mechanisms are examined, and their pros and cons are briefly discussed. Finally, future opportunities for on-demand transient electronics are described.
Thermally triggered transient electronics To design thermally triggered on-demand smart transient electronics, thermo-sensitive materials, either as encapsulations or substrates (e.g., phase-change and volume-change materials),17,25,28 are considered. Figure 1a shows an example of thermally triggerable on-demand smart transient electronics,26 with wax-containing methanesulfonic acid drops as triggerable encapsulations. Upon exposure to sufficient thermal heat that reaches the melting point of wax, the encapsulated acid is released, thus inducing the corrosion of the Mg electrodes and failure of the electronic device. Remotely and precisely thermally triggered transient electronic devices can be achieved.29,30 Figure 1b shows a wirelessly
Chunyu You, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, China; [email protected] Haonan Zhao, School of Microelectronics, Center of Nanoelectronics, Shandong University
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