Molecular Diagnostic Techniques and Biotechnology in Plant Biosecurity
Accurate identification of plant pests is essential to maintaining a successful plant biosecurity programme. Diagnostic methods and technologies used by national regulatory programmes (NPPOs), and associated laboratories for identification, are driven by
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Molecular Diagnostic Techniques and Biotechnology in Plant Biosecurity Laurene Levy, Patrick Shiel, Geoffrey Dennis, C. Andre´ Le´vesque, Gerard Clover, Harvinder Bennypaul, Norman Barr, Amy Roda, Rodney Young, Jacek Plazinski, and Jane Moran
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Introduction and Overview
Identification of plant pests, including the causal agents (i.e. “Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products” – International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)) of diseases is at the core of plant biosecurity and is the basic concept driving the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology, and weed science (Chap. 4). The framework of a plant biosecurity programme as expressed in the risk analysis (Chap. 9), surveillance (Chap. 11) and mitigation of outbreaks (Chap. 10) is all dependent on the precision and L. Levy (*) USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Unit 152, 5C03.50, 4700 River Rd., Riverdale, MD 20737, USA e-mail: [email protected] P. Shiel • G. Dennis USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA C.A. Le´vesque Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, KW Neatby Building, 960 Carling, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada G. Clover Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand H. Bennypaul Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada N. Barr USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology (CPHST), Moore Air Base Bldg. S-6414, 22675N. Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA A. Roda USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology (CPHST), Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158, USA
G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_13, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014
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accuracy of identification of the relevant pest. The diagnostic methods and technologies used for identification are driven by taxonomy and pest biology. However, the ultimate selection and implementation of specific diagnostics for any programme is influenced by the circumstances confronting each plant protection organization. The diagnostic method used and the uncertainties in taxonomy or identification can be a subject of disagreement between importing and exporting countries when implementing their safeguarding efforts. Our goal is to protect agriculture and the environment. We also see a responsibility to provide safeguards while maintaining open trade. Governments worldwide have put regulations in place that balance these two concepts, but the artifacts of some regulations can result in inadvertent and improper use of diagnostics or can be misused to uphold trade barriers. Traditionally, plant pests have required visual detection of signs or symptoms followed by morphological identification based on internationally rec
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