Mutations in Ralstonia solanacearum loci involved in lipopolysaccharide biogenesis, phospholipid trafficking and peptido
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Short Communication
Mutations in Ralstonia solanacearum loci involved in lipopolysaccharide biogenesis, phospholipid trafficking and peptidoglycan recycling render bacteriophage infection Yu‑Hau Hong · Chi Huang · Kuan‑Chung Wang · Tai‑Hsiang Chu · Chien‑Hui Li · Yu‑Ju Chu · Chiu‑Ping Cheng
Received: 9 January 2014 / Revised: 13 May 2014 / Accepted: 30 May 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum causes deadly wilting on many crops worldwide. However, the information on its components important for cell integrity and interactions with phages is limited. By systematically characterizing mutants resistant to a T7-like phage, we showed that the biosynthesis of rough lipopolysaccharides (R-LPS) was crucial for maintaining the membrane integrity, while the production of smooth LPS (S-LPS) was required for the resistance to polymyxin B and phage adsorption. Furthermore, RSc0154/ampG disruption did not affect LPS production and phage adsorption but may have caused aberrant release of peptidoglycan fragments, thus hindering phage DNA injection into or virion release from the cell. Mutations in the RSc2958–RSc2962/mla cluster, although not affecting LPS production, may have caused elevated phospholipid level in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, consequently sheltering the mutants from phage adsorption on the O-antigen. These results specify important roles of the biogenesis and homeogenesis of envelope components for R. solanacearum-phage interaction.
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Yu-Hau Hong and Chi Huang have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00203-014-1002-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y.-H. Hong · C. Huang · K.-C. Wang · T.-H. Chu · C.-H. Li · Y.-J. Chu · C.-P. Cheng (*) Graduate Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Ralstonia solanacearum · Bacteriophage · Lipopolysaccharide · Peptidoglycan · Phospholipid
Introduction Bacterial envelopes are essential for cell survival under various harmful conditions. The envelopes of gram-negative bacteria are complex and consist of the inner membrane (IM), peptidoglycan and the outer membrane (OM). The impermeable OM, which contains lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), is particularly important to protect cells from harmful compounds (Raetz and Whitfield 2002). Rough LPSs (R-LPSs) are composed of a hydrophobic membrane-anchored lipid A moiety and a short core oligosaccharide, and ligation of variable O-antigen polysaccharides to R-LPS leads to the formation of smooth LPSs (S-LPSs) (Wang and Quinn 2010), which are finally transported to the OM (Chng et al. 2010). Lipid A is buried in the OM, and the rest of the LPS faces the external environment. In addition to protecting cells, bacterial envelopes also play important roles in the interactions with other organisms, including phages. Previous studies, which are mainly on Esche
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